{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T07:11:56Z","timestamp":1779088316869,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":145,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,17]],"date-time":"2022-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese National Funds from FCT, Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["DL57\/2016\/CP1361\/CT0006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DL57\/2016\/CP1361\/CT0006"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese National Funds from FCT, Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["EXPL\/BTM-TEC\/0990\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EXPL\/BTM-TEC\/0990\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese National Funds from FCT, Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDB\/04326\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04326\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese National Funds from FCT, Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDP\/04326\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04326\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese National Funds from FCT, Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["LA\/P\/0101\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0101\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese National Funds from FCT, Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["project funding 2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["project funding 2019"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese National Funds from FCT, Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["41\/ALG\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41\/ALG\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese National Funds from FCT, Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["072583\u2013NUTRISAFE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["072583\u2013NUTRISAFE"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Society of Nephrology (SPN)","award":["DL57\/2016\/CP1361\/CT0006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DL57\/2016\/CP1361\/CT0006"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Society of Nephrology (SPN)","award":["EXPL\/BTM-TEC\/0990\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EXPL\/BTM-TEC\/0990\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Society of Nephrology (SPN)","award":["UIDB\/04326\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04326\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Society of Nephrology (SPN)","award":["UIDP\/04326\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04326\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Society of Nephrology (SPN)","award":["LA\/P\/0101\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0101\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Society of Nephrology (SPN)","award":["project funding 2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["project funding 2019"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Society of Nephrology (SPN)","award":["41\/ALG\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41\/ALG\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Society of Nephrology (SPN)","award":["072583\u2013NUTRISAFE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["072583\u2013NUTRISAFE"]}]},{"name":"AAC","award":["DL57\/2016\/CP1361\/CT0006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DL57\/2016\/CP1361\/CT0006"]}]},{"name":"AAC","award":["EXPL\/BTM-TEC\/0990\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EXPL\/BTM-TEC\/0990\/2021"]}]},{"name":"AAC","award":["UIDB\/04326\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04326\/2020"]}]},{"name":"AAC","award":["UIDP\/04326\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04326\/2020"]}]},{"name":"AAC","award":["LA\/P\/0101\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0101\/2020"]}]},{"name":"AAC","award":["project funding 2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["project funding 2019"]}]},{"name":"AAC","award":["41\/ALG\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41\/ALG\/2020"]}]},{"name":"AAC","award":["072583\u2013NUTRISAFE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["072583\u2013NUTRISAFE"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients have a higher risk of developing early cardiovascular disease (CVD). Although vascular calcification (VC) is one of the strongest predictors of CVD risk, its diagnosis among the CKD population remains a serious clinical challenge. This is mainly due to the complexity of VC, which results from various interconnected pathological mechanisms occurring at early stages and at multiples sites, affecting the medial and intimal layers of the vascular tree. Here, we review the most used and recently developed imaging techniques, here referred to as imaging biomarkers, for VC detection and monitoring, while discussing their strengths and limitations considering the specificities of VC in a CKD context. Although imaging biomarkers have a crucial role in the diagnosis of VC, with important insights into CVD risk, circulating biomarkers represent an added value by reflecting the molecular dynamics and mechanisms involved in VC pathophysiological pathways, opening new avenues into the early detection and targeted interventions. We propose that a combined strategy using imaging and circulating biomarkers with a role in multiple VC molecular mechanisms, such as Fetuin-A, Matrix Gla protein, Gla-rich protein and calciprotein particles, should represent high prognostic value for management of CVD risk in the CKD population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232416114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]],"date-time":"2022-12-19T05:25:46Z","timestamp":1671427546000},"page":"16114","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Targeting a Silent Disease: Vascular Calcification in Chronic Kidney Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Catarina","family":"Marreiros","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Viegas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"GenoGla Diagnostics, Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5145-4753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dina","family":"Simes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"GenoGla Diagnostics, Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfaa271","article-title":"The ERA-EDTA Registry Annual Report 2018: A summary","volume":"14","author":"Kramer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2022, August 24). Cancer. Available online: OurWorldInData.org."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2022, August 24). HIV Data and Statistics, Health Topics. Available online: WHO.int\/health-topics."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2011.223","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease in chronic kidney disease. A clinical update from Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO)","volume":"80","author":"Herzog","year":"2011","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.699579","article-title":"General Cardiovascular Risk Profile for Use in Primary Care The Framingham Heart Study","volume":"117","author":"Vasan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2439","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab309","article-title":"SCORE2 risk prediction algorithms: New models to estimate 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease in Europe","volume":"42","author":"Cardiovascular","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2455","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab312","article-title":"SCORE2-OP risk prediction algorithms: Estimating incident cardiovascular event risk in older persons in four geographical risk regions","volume":"42","author":"Hageman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2008.12.002","article-title":"Limitations of the Framingham risk score are now much clearer","volume":"48","author":"Schlendorf","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prev. Med. (Baltim)"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"2259","article-title":"Limitations of the SCORE-guided European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention","volume":"38","author":"Mortensen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Liu, M., Li, X.-C., Lu, L., Cao, Y., Sun, R.-R., Chen, S., and Zhang, P.-Y. (2022, July 07). Cardiovascular Disease and Its Relationship with Chronic Kidney Disease. Available online: https:\/\/www.europeanreview.org\/article\/7900."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2008070692","article-title":"Vascular Calcification: The Killer of Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"20","author":"Mizobuchi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zwakenberg, S.R., De Jong, P.A., Hendriks, E.J., Westerink, J., Spiering, W., De Borst, G.J., Cramer, M.J., Bartstra, J.W., Doesburg, T., and Rutters, F. (2020). Intimal and medial calcification in relation to cardiovascular risk factors. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0235228"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2464","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfl291","article-title":"The impact of traditional and non-traditional risk factors on coronary calcification in pre-dialysis patients","volume":"21","author":"Tomiyama","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3227","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab484","article-title":"2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice","volume":"42","author":"Visseren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2020.02.002","article-title":"Targeting Vascular Calcification in Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"5","author":"Nelson","year":"2020","journal-title":"JACC Basic Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F891","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00163.2014","article-title":"A current understanding of vascular calcification in CKD","volume":"307","author":"Paloian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2959","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASN.0000145894.57533.C4","article-title":"Vascular Calcification Mechanisms","volume":"15","author":"Giachelli","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, S.J., Lee, I.K., and Jeon, J.H. (2020). Vascular calcification\u2014New insights into its mechanism. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21082685"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-013-9712-z","article-title":"Vascular Calcification: An Update on Mechanisms and Challenges in Treatment","volume":"93","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vancheri, F., Longo, G., Vancheri, S., Danial, J.S.H., and Henein, M.Y. (2019). Coronary Artery Microcalcification: Imaging and Clinical Implications. Diagnostics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics9040125"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00056","article-title":"Calcification in Atherosclerotic Plaque Vulnerability: Friend or Foe?","volume":"11","author":"Moccia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1159\/000521161","article-title":"Inflammation and Microcalcification: A Never-Ending Vicious Cycle in Atherosclerosis? Atherosclerosis: A Chronic Inflammatory Disease","volume":"59","author":"Kawtharany","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2011.12.008","article-title":"Coronary Plaque Composition, Morphology, and Outcomes in Patients With and Without Chronic Kidney Disease Presenting With Acute Coronary Syndromes","volume":"5","author":"Baber","year":"2012","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2012.118","article-title":"Composition and plaque patterns of coronary culprit lesions and clinical characteristics of patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"82","author":"Kono","year":"2012","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2018.07.011","article-title":"Progression of Medial Arterial Calcification in CKD","volume":"3","author":"Manzoor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Rep."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfg414","article-title":"Arterial media calcification in end-stage renal disease: Impact on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality","volume":"18","author":"London","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transpl."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.01940215","article-title":"Vascular Calcification in Predialysis CKD: Common and Deadly","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfh217","article-title":"A simple vascular calcification score predicts cardiovascular risk in haemodialysis patients","volume":"19","author":"Adragao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transpl."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nephro.2016.06.005","article-title":"Association between vascular calcification assessed by simple radiography and non-fatal cardiovascular events in hemodialysis patients","volume":"12","author":"Petrauskiene","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nephrol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9150(97)00106-8","article-title":"New indices to classify location, severity and progression of calcific lesions in the abdominal aorta: A 25-year follow-up study","volume":"132","author":"Kauppila","year":"1997","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.03410708","article-title":"Determination and Validation of Aortic Calcification Measurement from Lateral Bone Densitometry in Dialysis Patients","volume":"4","author":"Toussaint","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1177\/1544316720910550","article-title":"Defining the Role of Duplex Ultrasound Assessment to Determine Severity of Arterial Calcification: An Analysis of the Superficial Femoral Artery","volume":"44","author":"Taylor","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"15","article-title":"Association between heart calcification assessed by echocardiography and future cardiovascular disease mortality and morbidity","volume":"2","author":"Utsunomiya","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol. Heart Vessel."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2015.04.153","article-title":"Diagnostic and prognostic value of a novel cardiac calcification score for coronary artery disease by transthoracic echocardiography","volume":"190","author":"Hirschberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"736","article-title":"A novel ultrasound-based vascular calcification score (CALCS) to detect subclinical atherosclerosis","volume":"22","author":"Flore","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2020.04.032","article-title":"Automated Quantitative Assessment of Coronary Calcification Using Intravascular Ultrasound","volume":"46","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2017.0363","article-title":"Coronary Artery Calcification and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and Death Among Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"2","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2010.11.017","article-title":"Thoracic aortic calcification and coronary heart disease events: The multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA)","volume":"215","author":"Budoff","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buijs, R.V.C., Leemans, E.L., Greuter, M., Tielliu, I.F.J., Zeebregts, C.J., and Willems, T.P. (2018). Quantification of abdominal aortic calcification: Inherent measurement errors in current computed tomography imaging. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0193419"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2018180562","article-title":"Does nonenhanced CT-based quantification of abdominal aortic calcification outperform the framingham risk score in predicting cardiovascular events in asymptomatic adults?","volume":"290","author":"Graffy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(90)90282-T","article-title":"Quantification of coronary artery calcium using ultrafast computed tomography","volume":"15","author":"Agatston","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2018.08.009","article-title":"Prevalence and Prognostic Implications of Mitral and Aortic Valve Calcium in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"122","author":"Hensen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.208.3.9722864","article-title":"Coronary artery disease: Improved reproducibility of calcium scoring with an electron-beam CT volumetric method","volume":"208","author":"Callister","year":"1998","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2273020369","article-title":"Coronary Artery Calcium: Accuracy and Reproducibility of Measurements with Multi\u2013Detector Row CT\u2014Assessment of Effects of Different Thresholds and Quantification Methods1","volume":"227","author":"Hong","year":"2003","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.7326\/M17-2640","article-title":"Diagnosis, Evaluation, Prevention, and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder: Synopsis of the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes 2017 Clinical Practice Guideline Update","volume":"168","author":"Ketteler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, A.P., Viegas, C.S.B., Mendes, F., Macedo, A., Guilherme, P., Tavares, N., Dias, C., Rato, F., Santos, N., and Fa\u00edsca, M. (2020). Gla-Rich Protein (GRP) as an Early and Novel Marker of Vascular Calcification and Kidney Dysfunction in Diabetic Patients with CKD: A Pilot Cross-Sectional Study. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9030635"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s00380-011-0129-1","article-title":"Aortic arch calcification evaluated on chest X-ray is a strong independent predictor of cardiovascular events in chronic hemodialysis patients","volume":"27","author":"Inoue","year":"2012","journal-title":"Heart Vessel."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"997","article-title":"A plain X-ray vascular calcification score is associated with arterial stiffness and mortality in dialysis patients","volume":"24","author":"Pires","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transpl."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, D., Yan, H., Yang, X., Yu, Z., Ni, Z., and Fang, W. (2020). Abdominal aortic calcification score as a predictor of clinical outcome in peritoneal dialysis patients: A prospective cohort study. BMC Nephrol., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-020-01822-9"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bellasi, A., Di Lullo, L., Russo, D., Ciarcia, R., Magnocavallo, M., Lavalle, C., Ratti, C., Fusaro, M., Cozzolino, M., and Di Iorio, B.R. (2021). Predictive Value of Measures of Vascular Calcification Burden and Progression for Risk of Death in Incident to Dialysis Patients. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10030376"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liabeuf, S., Desjardins, L., Diouf, M., Temmar, M., Renard, C., Choukroun, G., and Massy, Z.A. (2015). The Addition of Vascular Calcification Scores to Traditional Risk Factors Improves Cardiovascular Risk Assessment in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0131707"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adragao, T., Ferreira, A., Frazao, J.M., Papoila, A.L., Pinto, I., Monier-Faugere, M.-C., and Malluche, H.H. (2017). Higher mineralized bone volume is associated with a lower plain X-Ray vascular calcification score in hemodialysis patients. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0179868"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1159\/000350764","article-title":"Di Diagnosis of Arterial Media Calcification in Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"3","author":"Marinelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cardiorenal. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e008564","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.118.008564","article-title":"Imaging Cardiovascular Calcification","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2017.11.054","article-title":"Ultrasound-based aortic valve calcium scoring method: Are we ready to use it?","volume":"252","author":"Agricola","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2002.00170.x","article-title":"Medial artery calcification in ESRD patients is associated with deposition of bone matrix proteins","volume":"61","author":"Moe","year":"2002","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Janda, K., Krzanowski, M., Gajda, M., Dumnicka, P., Fedak, D., Lis, G.J., Ja\u015bkowski, P., Pietrzycka, A., Litwin, J.A., and Su\u0142owicz, W. (2015). Cardiovascular risk in chronic kidney disease patients: Intima-media thickness predicts the incidence and severity of histologically assessed medial calcification in radial arteries. BMC Nephrol., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-015-0067-8"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-018-1343-y","article-title":"Echocardiographic calcification score in patients with low\/ intermediate cardiovascular risk","volume":"108","author":"Hirschberg","year":"1234","journal-title":"Clin. Res. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Flore, R., Ponziani, F.R., Tinelli, G., Arena, V., Fonnesu, C., Nesci, A., Santoro, L., Tondi, P., and Santoliquido, A. (2022, May 20). New Modalities of Ultrasound-Based Intima-Media Thickness, Arterial Stiffness and Non-Coronary Vascular Calcifications Detection to Assess Cardiovascular Risk. Available online: https:\/\/www.europeanreview.org\/article\/8807."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2006.10.006","article-title":"Clinical Assessment of Vascular Calcification","volume":"14","author":"Raggi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv. Chronic Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1007\/s003300050975","article-title":"Visualization and quantification of coronary calcifications with electron beam and spiral computed tomography","volume":"10","author":"Becker","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e007146","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.117.007146","article-title":"Computed Tomography Aortic Valve Calcium Scoring in Patients with Aortic Stenosis","volume":"11","author":"Pawade","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"e596","article-title":"2019 ACC\/AHA Guideline on the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"140","author":"Arnett","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2253011871","article-title":"Coronary Artery Calcium Measurement with Multi\u2013Detector Row CT: In Vitro Assessment of Effect of Radiation Dose1","volume":"225","author":"Hong","year":"2002","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/S1076-6332(97)80137-7","article-title":"Coronary Artery Calcium: Alternate Methods for Accurate and Reproducible Quantitation","volume":"4","author":"Yoon","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acad. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.183.6.01831813","article-title":"Aortic Valve Calcification as a Marker for Aortic Stenosis Severity: Assessment on 16-MDCT","volume":"183","author":"Koos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2019.02.005","article-title":"Long-Term All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality in Asymptomatic Patients With CAC \u22651000: Results From the CAC Consortium","volume":"13","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2006.10.079","article-title":"Long-Term Prognosis Associated With Coronary Calcification: Observations From a Registry of 25,253 Patients","volume":"49","author":"Budoff","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.4330\/wjc.v6.i4.115","article-title":"Coronary artery calcification in chronic kidney disease: An update","volume":"6","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.116.306717","article-title":"Medial Arterial Calcification: An Overlooked Player in Peripheral Arterial Disease","volume":"36","author":"Ho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms8495","article-title":"Identifying active vascular microcalcification by 18F-sodium fluoride positron emission tomography","volume":"6","author":"Irkle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1007\/s12350-021-02624-8","article-title":"Arterial 18 F-NaF-uptake as a marker for vascular calcification activity. Can a little salt cut the sweet: A golden bullet to evaluate vascular mineralization?","volume":"29","author":"Kaiser","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.15420\/cfr.2018.27.2","article-title":"Biomarkers in Routine Heart Failure Clinical Care","volume":"5","author":"Nadar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Card. Fail. Rev."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"9","article-title":"Prognostic biomarkers in acute coronary syndrome","volume":"4","author":"Pavan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.05450513","article-title":"Biomarkers of vascular calcification and mortality in patients with ESRD","volume":"9","author":"Scialla","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4274","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.102046","article-title":"The interplay between mineral metabolism, vascular calcification and inflammation in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Challenging old concepts with new facts","volume":"11","author":"Viegas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging (Albany. NY)"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.acc.2019.08.002","article-title":"Vascular and valvular calcification biomarkers","volume":"95","author":"Clemente","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.116.308615","article-title":"Biomarkers of calcific aortic valve disease","volume":"37","author":"Small","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arter. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.02840320","article-title":"Klotho in Clinical Nephrology: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Implications","volume":"16","author":"Neyra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-018-0087-2","article-title":"Renal and extrarenal effects of fibroblast growth factor 23","volume":"15","author":"Vervloet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0706130","article-title":"Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 and Mortality among Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis","volume":"359","author":"Mannstadt","year":"2008","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00189","article-title":"FGF23 Actions on Target Tissues-With and Without Klotho","volume":"9","author":"Richter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1002\/1873-3468.12040","article-title":"Counter-regulatory paracrine actions of FGF-23 and 1,25(OH)2D in macrophages","volume":"590","author":"Han","year":"2016","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1998","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2009090944","article-title":"Fetuin-mineral complex reflects extraosseous calcification stress in CKD","volume":"21","author":"Hamano","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ20-0186","article-title":"Serum osteocalcin is inversely associated with lower extremity atherosclerotic disease in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"68","author":"Lv","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocr. J."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.07081009","article-title":"The Circulating Inactive Form of Matrix Gla Protein Is a Surrogate Marker for Vascular Calcification in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Preliminary Report","volume":"5","author":"Schurgers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1159\/000485874","article-title":"High Phosphate-Induced Calcification of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells is Associated with the TLR4\/NF-\u03bab Signaling Pathway","volume":"42","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Kidney Blood Press. Res."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2020.07.026","article-title":"Coronary artery calcium progresses rapidly and discriminates incident cardiovascular events in chronic kidney disease regardless of diabetes: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)","volume":"310","author":"Shroff","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.5414\/CN109505","article-title":"The relationship between serum osteopontin and FGF 23 levels with valvular calcification in hemodialysis patients","volume":"91","author":"Ganidagli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.11191111","article-title":"Osteoprotegerin\/RANKL axis and progression of coronary artery calcification in hemodialysis patients","volume":"7","author":"Ozkok","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2011.10.041","article-title":"Effect of Vitamin K2 Supplementation on Functional Vitamin K Deficiency in Hemodialysis Patients: A Randomized Trial","volume":"59","author":"Westenfeld","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(83)91663-7","article-title":"Matrix Gla protein, a new gamma-carboxyglutamic acid-containing protein which is associated with the organic matrix of bone","volume":"117","author":"Price","year":"1983","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.114.304823","article-title":"Gla-Rich Protein acts as a Calcification Inhibitor in the Human Cardiovascular System","volume":"35","author":"Viegas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arter. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viegas, C.S.B., and Simes, D.C. (2018). Inflammation and Calcification in the Vascular Tree; Insights Into Atherosclerosis. Immunity and Inflammation in Health and Disease, Academic Press. Emerging Roles of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods in Immune Support.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-805417-8.00015-9"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.2147\/VHRM.S242685","article-title":"Vascular Calcification: An Important Understanding in Nephrology","volume":"16","author":"Vahed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vasc. Health Risk Manag."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, E.R., Hanssen, E., McMahon, L.P., and Holt, S.G. (2013). Fetuin-A-Containing Calciprotein Particles Reduce Mineral Stress in the Macrophage. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0060904"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2008040349","article-title":"Association of Serum Phosphate with Vascular and Valvular Calcification in Moderate CKD","volume":"20","author":"Adeney","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.07450714","article-title":"Vascular calcification in patients with nondialysis CKD over 3 years","volume":"10","author":"Molina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2250","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfq650","article-title":"Vascular calcification and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in non-dialysis patients with chronic kidney disease stages 4 and 5","volume":"26","author":"Bosch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nephr Dial Transpl."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2020.07.033","article-title":"Calcification Biomarkers, Subclinical Vascular Disease, and Mortality Among Multiethnic Dialysis Patients","volume":"5","author":"Fitzpatrick","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Rep."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.5301\/JN.2010.5818","article-title":"Peripheral artery calcifications evaluated by histology correlate to those detected by CT: Relationships with fetuin-A and FGF-23","volume":"24","author":"Coen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"510","article-title":"Relationship between Serum Soluble Klotho Protein and Coronary Artery Calcification and Prognosis in Patients on Maintenance Hemodialysis","volume":"47","author":"Zheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Iran. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-020-02753-y","article-title":"Osteocalcin and vascular calcification in hemodialysis patients: An observational cohort study","volume":"53","author":"Keryakos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-019-02275-2","article-title":"The effect of vitamin K2 supplementation on vascular calcification in haemodialysis patients: A 1-year follow-up randomized trial","volume":"51","author":"Oikonomaki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.20452\/pamw.3041","article-title":"Effect of Vitamin K2 on progression of atherosclerosis and vascular calcification in nondialyzed patients with chronic kidney disease stages 3-5","volume":"125","author":"Kurnatowska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pol. Arch. Med. Wewn."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2019060579","article-title":"Multicenter randomized controlled trial of Vitamin K antagonist replacement by rivaroxaban with or without vitamin K2 in hemodialysis patients with atrial fibrillation: The Valkyrie study","volume":"31","author":"Pyfferoen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6586","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-63013-8","article-title":"Matrix Gla protein is an independent predictor of both intimal and medial vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease. Nat.Res","volume":"10","author":"Jaminon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Delanaye, P., Krzesinski, J.M., Warling, X., Moonen, M., Smelten, N., M\u00e9dart, L., Pottel, H., and Cavalier, E. (2014). Dephosphorylated-uncarboxylated Matrix Gla protein concentration is predictive of vitamin K status and is correlated with vascular calcification in a cohort of hemodialysis patients. BMC Nephrol., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2369-15-145"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1002\/kjm2.12373","article-title":"Statins, vascular calcification, and vitamin K-dependent proteins: Is there a relation?","volume":"37","author":"Yoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kaohsiung J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5119","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S331758","article-title":"The Relationship Between Carotid Intima Media Thickness, Inflammation and GLA Rich Protein Levels in Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"14","author":"Demirci","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Gen. Med."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, A.P., Viegas, C.S.B., Guilherme, P., Tavares, N., Dias, C., Rato, F., Santos, N., Fa\u00edsca, M., de Almeida, E., and Neves, P.L. (2022). Gla-Rich Protein, Magnesium and Phosphate Associate with Mitral and Aortic Valves Calcification in Diabetic Patients with Moderate CKD. Diagnostics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12020496"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.06150710","article-title":"Serum Fetuin-A Levels Are Associated with Vascular Calcifications and Predict Cardiovascular Events in Renal Transplant Recipients","volume":"6","author":"Schlieper","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-4065.157007","article-title":"Fetuin-A and vascular calcification in Indian end-stage renal disease population","volume":"26","author":"Mann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simes, D.C., Viegas, C.S.B., Ara\u00fajo, N., and Marreiros, C. (2019). Vitamin K as a powerful micronutrient in aging and age-related diseases: Pros and cons from clinical studies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20174150"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cozzolino, M., Mangano, M., Galassi, A., Ciceri, P., Messa, P., and Nigwekar, S. (2019). Vitamin K in Chronic Kidney Disease. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11010168"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gft464","article-title":"Vitamin K2 supplementation in haemodialysis patients: A randomized dose-finding study","volume":"29","author":"Caluwe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boxma, P.Y., van den Berg, E., Geleijnse, J.M., Laverman, G.D., Schurgers, L.J., Vermeer, C., Kema, I.P., Muskiet, F.A., Navis, G., and Bakker, S.J.L. (2012). Vitamin k intake and plasma desphospho-uncarboxylated matrix Gla-protein levels in kidney transplant recipients. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0047991"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1159\/000453368","article-title":"Correlations of Plasma Desphosphorylated Uncarboxylated Matrix Gla Protein with Vascular Calcification and Vascular Stiffness in Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"135","author":"Thamratnopkoon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roumeliotis, S., Roumeliotis, A., Stamou, A., Leivaditis, K., Kantartzi, K., Panagoutsos, S., and Liakopoulos, V. (2020). The Association of dp-ucMGP with Cardiovascular Morbidity and Decreased Renal Function in Diabetic Chronic Kidney Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21176035"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpy079","article-title":"Circulating Dephospho-Uncarboxylated Matrix Gla-Protein Is Associated With Kidney Dysfunction and Arterial Stiffness","volume":"31","author":"Puzantian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1159\/000443426","article-title":"Plasma Desphospho-Uncarboxylated Matrix Gla Protein as a Marker of Kidney Damage and Cardiovascular Risk in Advanced Stage of Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"41","author":"Kurnatowska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Kidney Blood Press. Res."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vlasschaert, C., Goss, C.J., Pilkey, N.G., McKeown, S., and Holden, R.M. (2020). Vitamin K Supplementation for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: Where Is the Evidence? A Systematic Review of Controlled Trials. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12102909"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2017.06.012","article-title":"Matrix Gla protein T-138C polymorphism is associated with carotid intima media thickness and predicts mortality in patients with diabetic nephropathy","volume":"31","author":"Roumeliotis","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Complicat."},{"key":"ref_124","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effect of Menaquinone-7 (vitamin K2) on vascular elasticity in healthy subjects: Results from a one-year study","volume":"5","author":"Vermeer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vasc. Dis. Ther."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.101851","article-title":"A dual role for GRP in cardiovascular disease","volume":"11","author":"Viegas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.117.310578","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease circulating calciprotein particles and extracellular vesicles promote vascular calcification: A role for GRP (Gla-Rich Protein)","volume":"38","author":"Viegas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.117.309182","article-title":"Magnesium Counteracts Vascular Calcification: Passive Interference or Active Modulation?","volume":"37","author":"Shanahan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3986","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2010.10.030","article-title":"Fetuin-A Is a Mineral Carrier Protein: Small Angle Neutron Scattering Provides New Insight on Fetuin-A Controlled Calcification Inhibition","volume":"99","author":"Heiss","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jahnen-Dechent, W., B\u00fcscher, A., K\u00f6ppert, S., Heiss, A., Kuro-o, M., and Smith, E.R. (2020). Mud in the blood: The role of protein-mineral complexes and extracellular vesicles in biomineralisation and calcification. J. Struct. Biol., 212.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsb.2020.107577"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"c233","DOI":"10.1159\/000120209","article-title":"Serum Fetuin-A Concentration and Endothelial Dysfunction in Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"108","author":"Caglar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nephron Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12710-9","article-title":"Association of low fetuin-A (AHSG) concentrations in serum with cardiovascular mortality in patients on dialysis: A cross-sectional study","volume":"361","author":"Ketteler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_132","first-page":"966","article-title":"Circulating Fetuin-A and Risk of All-Cause Mortality in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"1","author":"Kranz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.120.315697","article-title":"Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology Calciprotein Particles Balancing Mineral Homeostasis and Vascular Pathology","volume":"41","author":"Kutikhin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arter. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-19677-4","article-title":"Identification and quantification of plasma calciprotein particles with distinct physical properties in patients with chronic kidney disease OPEN","volume":"8","author":"Miura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2016.05.044","article-title":"Calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells is induced by secondary calciprotein particles and enhanced by tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1","volume":"251","author":"Aghagolzadeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01991","article-title":"Cellular clearance and biological activity of calciprotein particles depend on their maturation state and crystallinity","volume":"9","author":"Babler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2012030240","article-title":"Nanoparticle-Based Test Measures Overall Propensity for Calcification in Serum","volume":"23","author":"Pasch","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfr609","article-title":"Phosphorylated fetuin-A-containing calciprotein particles are associated with aortic stiffness and a procalcific milieu in patients with pre-dialysis CKD","volume":"27","author":"Smith","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfaa154","article-title":"The effect of phosphate binder therapy with sucroferric oxyhydroxide on calcification propensity in chronic haemodialysis patients: A randomized, controlled, crossover trial","volume":"14","author":"Thiem","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2013060635","article-title":"Serum calcification propensity predicts all-cause mortality in predialysis CKD","volume":"25","author":"Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.13443","article-title":"Serum Calcification Propensity Is a Strong and Independent Determinant of Cardiac and All-Cause Mortality in Kidney Transplant Recipients","volume":"16","author":"Dahle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2014070670","article-title":"Calcification Propensity and Survival among Renal Transplant Recipients","volume":"27","author":"Keyzer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2044","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000001406","article-title":"Serum calcification propensity is associated with renal tissue oxygenation and resistive index in patients with arterial hypertension or chronic kidney disease","volume":"35","author":"Pruijm","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berchtold, L., Ponte, B., Moll, S., Hadaya, K., Seyde, O., Bachtler, M., Vall\u00e9e, J.P., Martin, P.Y., Pasch, A., and De Seigneux, S. (2016). Phosphocalcic Markers and Calcification Propensity for Assessment of Interstitial Fibrosis and Vascular Lesions in Kidney Allograft Recipients. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0167929"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1097\/MNH.0000000000000237","article-title":"Novel assessments of systemic calcification propensity","volume":"25","author":"Pasch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/24\/16114\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:43:21Z","timestamp":1760147001000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/24\/16114"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,17]]},"references-count":145,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms232416114"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms232416114","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,17]]}}}