{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T09:52:10Z","timestamp":1771235530944,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]],"date-time":"2022-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672185600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Innovation of Spain","award":["Grant No. PID2020-113050RB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant No. PID2020-113050RB-I00"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Innovation of Spain","award":["Grant No. PDC2021-120814-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant No. PDC2021-120814-I00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Agrifood by-products and microalgae represent a low-cost and valuable source of bioactive compounds with neuroprotective properties. However, the neuroprotective effectiveness of therapeutic molecules can be limited by their capacity to cross the blood\u2013brain barrier (BBB) and reach the brain. In this research, various green extracts from Robinia pseudoacacia (ASFE), Cyphomandra betacea (T33), Coffea arabica (PPC1), Olea europaea L., (OL-SS), Citrus sinensis (PLE100) by-products and from the microalgae Dunaliella salina (DS) that have demonstrated in vitro neuroprotective potential were submitted to an in vitro BBB permeability and transport assay based on an immortalized human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC) model. Toxicity and BBB integrity tests were performed, and the transport of target bioactive molecules across the BBB were evaluated after 2 and 4 h of incubation using gas and liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC\/LC-Q-TOF-MS). The HBMEC-BBB transport assay revealed a high permeability of representative neuroprotective compounds, such as mono- and sesquiterpenoids, phytosterols and some phenolic compounds. The obtained results from the proposed in vitro BBB cellular model provide further evidence of the neuroprotective potential of the target natural extracts, which represent a promising source of functional ingredients to be transferred into food supplements, food additives, or nutraceuticals with scientifically supported neuroprotective claims.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24010533","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]],"date-time":"2022-12-29T02:56:50Z","timestamp":1672282610000},"page":"533","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["In Vitro Study of the Blood\u2013Brain Barrier Transport of Natural Compounds Recovered from Agrifood By-Products and Microalgae"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3134-5960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 David","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Foodomics, Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL, UAM-CSIC, Nicol\u00e1s Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Ana Rita","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1657-8141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerardo","family":"Alvarez-Rivera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Foodomics, Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL, UAM-CSIC, Nicol\u00e1s Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7901-5816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Vald\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Foodomics, Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL, UAM-CSIC, Nicol\u00e1s Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8493-4649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Alexandra","family":"Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7464-0217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Cifuentes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Foodomics, Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL, UAM-CSIC, Nicol\u00e1s Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Alzheimer\u2019s Disease International, and McGill University (2021). World Alzheimer Report 2021: Journey through the Diagnosis of Dementia, Alzheimer\u2019s Disease International."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J\u00f6nsson, L. (2022). The Personal Economic Burden of Dementia in Europe. Lancet Reg. 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