{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T19:27:38Z","timestamp":1767986858393,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]],"date-time":"2023-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673308800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Ph.D. scholarship from Technology and Science Foundation (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PDE\/BDE\/114585\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PDE\/BDE\/114585\/2016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Ph.D. scholarship from Technology and Science Foundation (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04295\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04295\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Ph.D. scholarship from Technology and Science Foundation (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/04295\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04295\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology to ISAMB","award":["PDE\/BDE\/114585\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PDE\/BDE\/114585\/2016"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology to ISAMB","award":["UIDB\/04295\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04295\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology to ISAMB","award":["UIDP\/04295\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04295\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Host regulatory immune response is involved in the hepatic inflammatory process caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV). We aimed to determine if HCV clearance with direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) changes the hepatic fibrosis stage, biochemical parameters of liver injury, and inflammatory\/immune responses. Sample: 329 chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients, 134 of them treated with DAAs. Liver fibrosis was evaluated by transient elastography (FibroScan), biochemical and cellular parameters were determined by standard methods, cytokine concentration by enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA), and genetic polymorphisms by polymerase chain reaction\u2014restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) or endpoint genotyping. Before DAA treatment, severe fibrosis or cirrhosis (F3\/4) was associated with higher values of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1) and genotypes transforming growth factor-beta-509 C\/T_CC (TGF-\u03b2-509 C\/T_CC), interleukine-10-1082 T\/C_CC (IL-10-1082 T\/C_CC), and IL-10-592 G\/T_GT. After DAA treatment, fewer F3\/4 patients and lower values of TNF-\u03b1 were found. Patients with TNF-\u03b1-308 G\/A_GG and IL-10-592 G\/T_GT were at risk for F3\/4. Lack of improvement of liver fibrosis was associated with lower baseline values of platelet count for genotypes TNF-\u03b1-308 G\/A_GG and haplotype TT\/GG of IL-10-1082 T\/C and IL-10-592 G\/T. Our study showed decreased liver fibrosis\/inflammation and normalization of liver injury biomarkers after DAA treatment. It also points to the importance of suppressing the pro-inflammatory response by DAAs in the resolution of hepatitis C, contributing to the improvement of liver damage evaluated by transient elastography.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24021380","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]],"date-time":"2023-01-11T02:06:03Z","timestamp":1673402763000},"page":"1380","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Role of Inflammatory\/Immune Response and Cytokine Polymorphisms in the Severity of Chronic Hepatitis C (CHC) before and after Direct Acting Antiviral (DAAs) Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3527-3274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Scientific Research Bento Rocha Cabral, Cal\u00e7ada Bento da Rocha Cabral 14, 1250-012 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"ISAMB, Genetics Laboratory, Lisbon Medical School, University of Lisbon, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Scientific Research Bento Rocha Cabral, Cal\u00e7ada Bento da Rocha Cabral 14, 1250-012 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"ISAMB, Genetics Laboratory, Lisbon Medical School, University of Lisbon, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5773-5687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Bicho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Scientific Research Bento Rocha Cabral, Cal\u00e7ada Bento da Rocha Cabral 14, 1250-012 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"ISAMB, Genetics Laboratory, Lisbon Medical School, University of Lisbon, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8542-2840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e1tima","family":"Serejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISAMB, Genetics Laboratory, Lisbon Medical School, University of Lisbon, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Hospital de Santa Maria, Av. 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