{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T04:02:44Z","timestamp":1770523364814,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]],"date-time":"2023-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673395200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"BIOCODEX (Biocodex National Call 2021\u2013Portugal)","award":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"BIOCODEX (Biocodex National Call 2021\u2013Portugal)","award":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"BIOCODEX (Biocodex National Call 2021\u2013Portugal)","award":["SFRH\/BD\/144982\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/144982\/2019"]}]},{"name":"BIOCODEX (Biocodex National Call 2021\u2013Portugal)","award":["SFRH\/BD\/138925\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/138925\/2018"]}]},{"name":"BIOCODEX (Biocodex National Call 2021\u2013Portugal)","award":["CEECIND\/01070\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/01070\/2018"]}]},{"name":"BIOCODEX (Biocodex National Call 2021\u2013Portugal)","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029777\/PTDC\/MEC-MCI\/29777\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029777\/PTDC\/MEC-MCI\/29777\/2017"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia\/Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia\/Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior (FCT)","award":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia\/Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior (FCT)","award":["SFRH\/BD\/144982\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/144982\/2019"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia\/Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior (FCT)","award":["SFRH\/BD\/138925\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/138925\/2018"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia\/Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior (FCT)","award":["CEECIND\/01070\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/01070\/2018"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia\/Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior (FCT)","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029777\/PTDC\/MEC-MCI\/29777\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029777\/PTDC\/MEC-MCI\/29777\/2017"]}]},{"name":"FCT scholarship","award":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT scholarship","award":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT scholarship","award":["SFRH\/BD\/144982\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/144982\/2019"]}]},{"name":"FCT scholarship","award":["SFRH\/BD\/138925\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/138925\/2018"]}]},{"name":"FCT scholarship","award":["CEECIND\/01070\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/01070\/2018"]}]},{"name":"FCT scholarship","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029777\/PTDC\/MEC-MCI\/29777\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029777\/PTDC\/MEC-MCI\/29777\/2017"]}]},{"name":"Individual Call to Scientific Employment Stimulus\u2014Second Edition","award":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Individual Call to Scientific Employment Stimulus\u2014Second Edition","award":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Individual Call to Scientific Employment Stimulus\u2014Second Edition","award":["SFRH\/BD\/144982\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/144982\/2019"]}]},{"name":"Individual Call to Scientific Employment Stimulus\u2014Second Edition","award":["SFRH\/BD\/138925\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/138925\/2018"]}]},{"name":"Individual Call to Scientific Employment Stimulus\u2014Second Edition","award":["CEECIND\/01070\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/01070\/2018"]}]},{"name":"Individual Call to Scientific Employment Stimulus\u2014Second Edition","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029777\/PTDC\/MEC-MCI\/29777\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029777\/PTDC\/MEC-MCI\/29777\/2017"]}]},{"name":"COMPETE 2020\u2014POCI (Operational Program for Competitiveness and Internationalization) Portugal 2020","award":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"COMPETE 2020\u2014POCI (Operational Program for Competitiveness and Internationalization) Portugal 2020","award":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"COMPETE 2020\u2014POCI (Operational Program for Competitiveness and Internationalization) Portugal 2020","award":["SFRH\/BD\/144982\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/144982\/2019"]}]},{"name":"COMPETE 2020\u2014POCI (Operational Program for Competitiveness and Internationalization) Portugal 2020","award":["SFRH\/BD\/138925\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/138925\/2018"]}]},{"name":"COMPETE 2020\u2014POCI (Operational Program for Competitiveness and Internationalization) Portugal 2020","award":["CEECIND\/01070\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/01070\/2018"]}]},{"name":"COMPETE 2020\u2014POCI (Operational Program for Competitiveness and Internationalization) Portugal 2020","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029777\/PTDC\/MEC-MCI\/29777\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029777\/PTDC\/MEC-MCI\/29777\/2017"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES in the framework of the project MicroMOB","award":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES in the framework of the project MicroMOB","award":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES in the framework of the project MicroMOB","award":["SFRH\/BD\/144982\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/144982\/2019"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES in the framework of the project MicroMOB","award":["SFRH\/BD\/138925\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/138925\/2018"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES in the framework of the project MicroMOB","award":["CEECIND\/01070\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/01070\/2018"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES in the framework of the project MicroMOB","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029777\/PTDC\/MEC-MCI\/29777\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029777\/PTDC\/MEC-MCI\/29777\/2017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Yeast acquisition begins at birth; however, the contribution of the mother on yeast transmission to the offspring and associated resistance is yet to be clarified. The aim of this study was to explore the vertical transmission of yeasts and their antifungal susceptibility profile in early life. Oral, fecal, and breastmilk samples were collected from 73 mother\u2013child pairs four to twelve weeks after delivery and cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar with chloramphenicol. The isolates were identified by MALDI-TOF MS. The vertical transmission was studied by microsatellite genotyping. Antifungal susceptibility was determined for fluconazole, voriconazole, miconazole, anidulafungin, and nystatin by broth microdilution assay, following CLSI\u2013M60 guidelines. A total of 129 isolates were identified from 53% mother\u2013child pairs. We verified the vertical transmission of Candida albicans (n = three mother\u2013child pairs) and Candida parapsilosis (n = one mother\u2013child pair) strains, including an antifungal resistant strain transmitted from breastmilk to the gut of a child. Most isolates were susceptible to the tested antifungals, with the exception of four C. albicans isolates and one R. mucilaginosa isolate. The vertical transmission of yeasts happens in early life. This is the first work that demonstrated the role of the mother as a source of transmission of antifungal-resistant yeasts to the child.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24021449","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]],"date-time":"2023-01-12T01:32:26Z","timestamp":1673487146000},"page":"1449","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Vertical Transmission and Antifungal Susceptibility Profile of Yeast Isolates from the Oral Cavity, Gut, and Breastmilk of Mother\u2013Child Pairs in Early Life"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9117-4684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Jo\u00e3o","family":"Azevedo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"INEB\u2014Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica, 4150-177 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7382-4834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Araujo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INEB\u2014Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica, 4150-177 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4316-1520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INEB\u2014Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica, 4150-177 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Patologia Cl\u00ednica, Departamento de Patologia e Medicina Laboratorial, Instituto Portugu\u00eas de Oncologia do Porto Francisco Gentil, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana Filipa","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Falc\u00e3o-Pires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Ramalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1432-6194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Egija","family":"Zaura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2948-5809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eug\u00e9nia","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro Interdisciplinar de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9368-8075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benedita","family":"Sampaio-Maia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INEB\u2014Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica, 4150-177 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina Dent\u00e1ria, Universidade do Porto, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuw047","article-title":"Forgotten fungi-the gut mycobiome in human health and disease","volume":"41","author":"Huseyin","year":"2017","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2017.10.020","article-title":"Fungal interactions with the human host: Exploring the spectrum of symbiosis","volume":"40","author":"Hall","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2017.11.012","article-title":"Host-microbe interactions: Commensal fungi in the gut","volume":"40","author":"Paterson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"265","article-title":"Fungi as Part of the Microbiota and Interactions with Intestinal Bacteria","volume":"422","author":"Kapitan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034514521814","article-title":"Candida and other fungal species: Forgotten players of healthy oral microbiota","volume":"93","author":"Krom","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12100","article-title":"The effect of maternal flora on Candida colonisation in the neonate","volume":"57","author":"Filippidi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7292(00)00350-7","article-title":"Vaginal candidosis: Epidemiological and etiological factors","volume":"71","author":"Ferrer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"674","article-title":"Oral mucosa manifestations in 100 pregnant versus non-pregnant patients: An epidemiological observational study","volume":"16","author":"Sarifakioglu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2019.03.022","article-title":"Isolation of pathogenic Candida species from oral cavity of postpartum females, and its association with obstetric and dental problems","volume":"131","author":"Khadija","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oooo.2017.01.003","article-title":"The relationship of Candida colonization of the oral and vaginal mucosae of mothers and oral mucosae of their newborns at birth","volume":"123","author":"Darwazeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e31815bb69d","article-title":"Vertical and horizontal transmission of Candida albicans in very low birth weight infants using DNA fingerprinting techniques","volume":"27","author":"Bliss","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-017-0319-x","article-title":"Early gut mycobiota and mother-offspring transfer","volume":"5","author":"Schei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1159\/000292031","article-title":"Candida albicans: Is it associated with nipple pain in lactating women?","volume":"41","author":"Amir","year":"1996","journal-title":"Gynecol. Obstet. Invest."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1542-2011.2011.00136.x","article-title":"Results of microbial testing exploring the etiology of deep breast pain during lactation: A systematic review and meta-analysis of nonrandomized trials","volume":"57","author":"Betzold","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Midwifery Womens Health"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.3122\/jabfm.2018.04.170426","article-title":"Neonatal Thrush Is Not Associated with Mode of Delivery","volume":"31","author":"Schwerer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Board Fam. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/S0738-081X(00)00157-7","article-title":"Diaper dermatitis","volume":"18","author":"Wolf","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2016.1226721","article-title":"Antifungal stewardship considerations for adults and pediatrics","volume":"8","author":"Hamdy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000002983","article-title":"Global Divergence of Antifungal Prescribing Patterns: Data From the Global Antimicrobial Resistance, Prescribing, and Efficacy in Neonates and Children Surveys","volume":"40","author":"Bielicki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2021.05.006","article-title":"Vertical transfer of antibiotics and antibiotic resistant strains across the mother\/baby axis","volume":"30","author":"Patangia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2015.1103425","article-title":"Characterization of bacterial isolates from the microbiota of mothers\u2019 breast milk and their infants","volume":"6","author":"Kozak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7134","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.05087-11","article-title":"Acquired antibiotic resistance: Are we born with it?","volume":"77","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12355","article-title":"Prevalence of oral Candida in the first year of life","volume":"58","author":"Silfverdal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2004.07.004","article-title":"Prevalence of Candida species in Turkish children: Relationship between dietary intake and carriage","volume":"50","author":"Kadir","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"187","article-title":"Oral Candida albicans carriage in healthy preschool and school children","volume":"51","author":"Rozkiewicz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myz091","article-title":"Candida species as commensal gut colonizers: A study of 133 longitudinally followed Swedish infants","volume":"58","author":"Kondori","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.3109\/00365549209062464","article-title":"Fungal gut colonization with Candida or Pityrosporum sp. and serum Candida antigen in preterm neonates with very low birth weights","volume":"24","author":"Korppi","year":"1992","journal-title":"Scand. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, J., Fogarty, C., Wu, T.T., Alkhers, N., Zeng, Y., Thomas, M., Youssef, M., Wang, L., Cowen, L., and Abdelsalam, H. (2019). Oral health and Candida carriage in socioeconomically disadvantaged US pregnant women. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-019-2618-7"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2041-1626.2011.00078.x","article-title":"Oral Candida carriage, quantification, and species characterization in oral submucous fibrosis patients and healthy individuals","volume":"2","author":"Kamat","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Investig. Clin. Dent."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1810","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.44.5.1810-1820.2006","article-title":"Multilocus sequence typing reveals intrafamilial transmission and microevolutions of Candida albicans isolates from the human digestive tract","volume":"44","author":"Bougnoux","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13016","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-13270-x","article-title":"Multiple Approaches Detect the Presence of Fungi in Human Breastmilk Samples from Healthy Mothers","volume":"7","author":"Querol","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1820292","DOI":"10.1080\/20002297.2020.1820292","article-title":"Oral Candida albicans colonization in healthy individuals: Prevalence, genotypic diversity, stability along time and transmissibility","volume":"12","author":"Alves","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Oral. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-302X.1999.140306.x","article-title":"Age-related acquisition of oral and nasopharyngeal yeast species and stability of colonization in young children","volume":"14","author":"Hannula","year":"1999","journal-title":"Oral Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1002\/cre2.213","article-title":"Neonatal thrush of newborns: Oral candidiasis?","volume":"5","author":"Tuomi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Issa, S.Y., Badran, E.F., Aqel, K.F., and Shehabi, A.A. (2011). Epidemiological characteristics of Candida species colonizing oral and rectal sites of Jordanian infants. BMC Pediatr., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-11-79"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1080\/00016357.2016.1244560","article-title":"Prevalence of Candida albicans and carriage of Candida non-albicans in the saliva of preschool children, according to their caries status","volume":"75","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Odontol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e3181a0d78d","article-title":"Epidemiology of candidemia at a Children\u2019s hospital, 2002 to 2006","volume":"28","author":"Neu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e206","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e3182863a1c","article-title":"Candida parapsilosis is a significant neonatal pathogen: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"32","author":"Pammi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1097\/00008480-200302000-00016","article-title":"Candida infections in the neonate","volume":"15","author":"Chapman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/22.5.803","article-title":"Vertical and horizontal transmission of unique Candida species to premature newborns","volume":"22","author":"Walker","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00013-08","article-title":"Candida parapsilosis, an emerging fungal pathogen","volume":"21","author":"Trofa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-022-01751-x","article-title":"Global Consumption Trend of Antifungal Agents in Humans From 2008 to 2018, Data From 65 Middle- and High-Income Countries","volume":"82","author":"Pathadka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i4","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx444","article-title":"Changes in the epidemiological landscape of invasive candidiasis","volume":"73","author":"Lamoth","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3891","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-06393-w","article-title":"Maternal gut and breast milk microbiota affect infant gut antibiotic resistome and mobile genetic elements","volume":"9","author":"Karkman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, J., Moon, Y., Li, L., Rustchenko, E., Wakabayashi, H., Zhao, X., Feng, C., Gill, S.R., McLaren, S., and Malmstrom, H. (2016). Candida albicans Carriage in Children with Severe Early Childhood Caries (S-ECC) and Maternal Relatedness. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0164242"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.6026\/97320630010667","article-title":"Anti-fungal resistance in candida isolated from oral and diaper rash candidiasis in neonates","volume":"10","author":"Mohamadi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformation"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semdp.2019.04.010","article-title":"Emerging and reemerging fungal infections","volume":"36","author":"Lockhart","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin. Diagn. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"WHO (2022). Fungal Priority Pathogens List to Guide Research, Development and Public Health Action, World Health Organization. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernandes, M., Azevedo, M.J., Campos, C., Ferreira, A.F., Azevedo, \u00c1., Falc\u00e3o-Pires, I., Zaura, E., Ramalho, C., Campos, J., and Sampaio-Maia, B. (2023). Potential Pathogenic and Opportunistic Oral Bacteria in Early Life: The Role of Maternal Factors in a Portuguese Population. Pathogens, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12010080"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.15.6.563","article-title":"Serum tube identification of Candida albicans","volume":"15","author":"Mackenzie","year":"1962","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.35.7.1777-1780.1997","article-title":"Microsatellite polymorphism in the promoter sequence of the elongation factor 3 gene of Candida albicans as the basis for a typing system","volume":"35","author":"Bretagne","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2012.06.012","article-title":"Genotyping of Candida parapsilosis from three neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) using a panel of five multilocus microsatellite markers: Broad genetic diversity and a cluster of related strains in one NICU","volume":"12","author":"Reiss","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.2.552-557.2003","article-title":"Highly polymorphic microsatellite for identification of Candida albicans strains","volume":"41","author":"Sampaio","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.4.5.837-848.2005","article-title":"The zrfA and zrfB genes of Aspergillus fumigatus encode the zinc transporter proteins of a zinc uptake system induced in an acid, zinc-depleted environment","volume":"4","author":"Vicentefranqueira","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eukaryot Cell"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"CLSI (2020). Performance Standards for Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Yeasts, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. [2nd ed.]. CLSI Supplement M60."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.4103\/abr.abr_214_19","article-title":"Identification of Candida Species and Antifungal Susceptibility in Cancer Patients with Oral Lesions in Ahvaz, Southern West of Iran","volume":"9","author":"Maheronnaghsh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Biomed. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.01.036","article-title":"The frequency, antifungal susceptibility and enzymatic profiles of Candida species in cases of onychomycosis infection","volume":"116","author":"Sav","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/2\/1449\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:03:20Z","timestamp":1760119400000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/2\/1449"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms24021449"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24021449","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]]}}}