{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:45:46Z","timestamp":1760147146092,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,14]],"date-time":"2023-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["PTDC\/MECMET\/32151\/2017","UIDB\/00215\/2020","UIDP\/00215\/2020","LA\/P\/0064\/2020","PTDC\/MEC-CIR\/3615\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/MECMET\/32151\/2017","UIDB\/00215\/2020","UIDP\/00215\/2020","LA\/P\/0064\/2020","PTDC\/MEC-CIR\/3615\/2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Obesity is associated with complex adipose tissue energy metabolism remodeling. Whether AT metabolic reprogramming differs according to body mass index (BMI) and across different obesity classes is unknown. This study\u2019s purpose was to evaluate and compare bioenergetics and energy substrate preference of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) pertaining to individuals with obesity class 2 and class 3. VAT obtained from patients with obesity (n = 15) class 2 (n = 7; BMI 37.53 \u00b1 0.58 kg\/m2) or class 3 (n = 8; BMI 47.79 \u00b1 1.52 kg\/m2) was used to assess oxygen consumption rate (OCR) bioenergetics and mitochondrial substrate preferences. VAT of patients with obesity class 3 presented significantly higher non-mitochondrial oxygen consumption (p &lt; 0.05). In VAT of patients with obesity class 2, inhibition of pyruvate and glutamine metabolism significantly decreased maximal respiration and spare respiratory capacity (p &lt; 0.05), while pyruvate and fatty acid metabolism inhibition, which renders glutamine the only available substrate, increased the proton leak with a protective role against oxidative stress (p &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, VAT bioenergetics of patients with obesity class 2 depicts a greater dependence on glucose\/pyruvate and glutamine metabolism, suggesting that patients within this BMI range are more likely to be responsive to interventions based on energetic substrate modulation for obesity treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24021679","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T02:29:55Z","timestamp":1673836195000},"page":"1679","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Visceral Adipose Tissue Bioenergetics Varies According to Individuals\u2019 Obesity Class"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Marcelo V.","family":"Topete","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UMIB-Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, ICBAS-School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ITR-Laboratory of Integrative and Translocation Research in Population Health, Rua das Taipas 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMIB-Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, ICBAS-School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ITR-Laboratory of Integrative and Translocation Research in Population Health, Rua das Taipas 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1941-6634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel L.","family":"Bernardino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMIB-Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, ICBAS-School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ITR-Laboratory of Integrative and Translocation Research in Population Health, Rua das Taipas 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Guimar\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMIB-Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, ICBAS-School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ITR-Laboratory of Integrative and Translocation Research in Population Health, Rua das Taipas 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Hospital S\u00e3o Sebasti\u00e3o, Centro Hospitalar de Entre o Douro e Vouga, Rua Dr. C\u00e2ndido Pinho, 4050-220 Santa Maia da Feira, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7198-4412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana M.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Hospital S\u00e3o Sebasti\u00e3o, Centro Hospitalar de Entre o Douro e Vouga, Rua Dr. C\u00e2ndido Pinho, 4050-220 Santa Maia da Feira, Portugal"},{"name":"Hospital da Luz Arr\u00e1bida, Praceta de Henrique Moreira 150, 4400-346 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Sofia B.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMIB-Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, ICBAS-School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ITR-Laboratory of Integrative and Translocation Research in Population Health, Rua das Taipas 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Madalena M.","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMIB-Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, ICBAS-School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ITR-Laboratory of Integrative and Translocation Research in Population Health, Rua das Taipas 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1rio","family":"Nora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Hospital S\u00e3o Sebasti\u00e3o, Centro Hospitalar de Entre o Douro e Vouga, Rua Dr. C\u00e2ndido Pinho, 4050-220 Santa Maia da Feira, Portugal"},{"name":"Hospital da Luz Arr\u00e1bida, Praceta de Henrique Moreira 150, 4400-346 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0662-1831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana P.","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMIB-Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, ICBAS-School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ITR-Laboratory of Integrative and Translocation Research in Population Health, Rua das Taipas 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Hospital da Luz Arr\u00e1bida, Praceta de Henrique Moreira 150, 4400-346 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6947-4560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia S.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMIB-Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, ICBAS-School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ITR-Laboratory of Integrative and Translocation Research in Population Health, Rua das Taipas 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2009.00623.x","article-title":"Subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue: Structural and functional differences","volume":"11","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Obes. 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