{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T21:43:47Z","timestamp":1773351827541,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]],"date-time":"2023-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675123200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/MULTI\/04378\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/MULTI\/04378\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LA\/P\/0140\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0140\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/CTA-AMB\/6686\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/CTA-AMB\/6686\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) is a widely studied synthetic cathinone heterocycle mainly concerning its psychoactive effects. It is a chiral molecule and one of the most abused new psychoactive substances worldwide. Enantioselectivity studies for MDPV are still scarce and the extent to which it crosses the intestinal membrane is still unknown. Herein, an in vitro permeability study was performed to evaluate the passage of the enantiomers of MDPV across the Caco-2 monolayer. To detect and quantify MDPV, a UHPLC-UV method was developed and validated. Acceptable values within the recommended limits were obtained for all evaluated parameters (specificity, linearity, accuracy, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ) and precision). The enantiomers of MDPV were found to be highly permeable across the Caco-2 monolayer, which can indicate a high intestinal permeability. Enantioselectivity was observed for the Papp values in the basolateral (BL) to apical (AP) direction. Furthermore, efflux ratios are indicative of efflux through a facilitated diffusion mechanism. To the best of our knowledge, determination of the permeability of MDPV across the intestinal epithelial cell monolayer is presented here for the first time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032680","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]],"date-time":"2023-01-31T02:27:56Z","timestamp":1675132076000},"page":"2680","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Assessment of the Permeability of 3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) across the Caco-2 Monolayer for Estimation of Intestinal Absorption and Enantioselectivity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6826-1854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Sofia","family":"Almeida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Qu\u00edmica Org\u00e2nica e Farmac\u00eautica, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Qu\u00edmicas, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n\u00ba 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro Interdisciplinar de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Avenida General Norton de Matos, s\/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"UCIBIO\u2014Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n\u00ba 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n\u00ba 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7399-0197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B\u00e1rbara","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCIBIO\u2014Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n\u00ba 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n\u00ba 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1382-5119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Remi\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCIBIO\u2014Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n\u00ba 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n\u00ba 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0940-9163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Qu\u00edmica Org\u00e2nica e Farmac\u00eautica, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Qu\u00edmicas, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n\u00ba 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro Interdisciplinar de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Avenida General Norton de Matos, s\/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2013.07.023","article-title":"Bath salts and synthetic cathinones: An emerging designer drug phenomenon","volume":"97","author":"German","year":"2014","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-015-9435-z","article-title":"Chemical composition of Catha edulis (khat): A review","volume":"15","author":"Getasetegn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phytochem. 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