{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T06:28:17Z","timestamp":1763706497862,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,17]],"date-time":"2023-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lung cancer is the second most common cancer in the world, being the first cause of cancer-related mortality. Surgery remains the only potentially curative treatment for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC), but the recurrence risk remains high (30\u201355%) and Overall Survival (OS) is still lower than desirable (63% at 5 years), even with adjuvant treatment. Neoadjuvant treatment can be helpful and new therapies and pharmacologic associations are being studied. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (ICI) and PARP inhibitors (PARPi) are two pharmacological classes already in use to treat several cancers. Some pre-clinical studies have shown that its association can be synergic and this is being studied in different settings. Here, we review the PARPi and ICI strategies in cancer management and the information will be used to develop a clinical trial to evaluate the potential of PARPi association with ICI in early-stage neoadjuvant setting NSCLC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24044044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,17]],"date-time":"2023-02-17T02:27:24Z","timestamp":1676600844000},"page":"4044","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["New Approaches in Early-Stage NSCL Management: Potential Use of PARP Inhibitors and Immunotherapy Combination"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6643-7633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta Pina","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Oncology Service, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)\/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Oncology Service, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)\/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5795-2131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Early Phase Clinical Trial Unit\u2014IPO Porto\/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)\/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center (CI-IPOP)\/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)\/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Clinical Pathology Service, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)\/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center Raquel Seruca (Porto.CCC), Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto Superior de Sa\u00fade\u2014ISAVE, Rua Castelo de Almourol n\u00b0 13, 4720-155 Amares, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, FFUP\u2014Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n\u00b0 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Clinical Pathology Service, Centro Hospitalar de Entre Douro e Vouga, R. Dr. C\u00e2ndido Pinho 5, 4520-211 Santa Maria da Feira, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9576-3486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00falio","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Oncology Service, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)\/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Early Phase Clinical Trial Unit\u2014IPO Porto\/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)\/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Research Center (CI-IPOP)\/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)\/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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