{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T11:07:30Z","timestamp":1778238450662,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,18]],"date-time":"2023-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["SFRH\/BD\/138271\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/138271\/2018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>More than 50% of all prostate cancer (PCa) patients are treated by radiotherapy (RT). Radioresistance and cancer recurrence are two consequences of the therapy and are related to dose heterogeneity and non-selectivity between normal and tumoral cells. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) could be used as potential radiosensitizers to overcome these therapeutic limitations of RT. This study assessed the biological interaction of different morphologies of AuNPs with ionizing radiation (IR) in PCa cells. To achieve that aim, three different amine-pegylated AuNPs were synthesized with distinct sizes and shapes (spherical, AuNPsp-PEG, star, AuNPst-PEG, and rods, AuNPr-PEG) and viability, injury and colony assays were used to analyze their biological effect on PCa cells (PC3, DU145, and LNCaP) when submitted to the accumulative fraction of RT. The combinatory effect of AuNPs with IR decreased cell viability and increased apoptosis compared to cells treated only with IR or untreated cells. Additionally, our results showed an increase in the sensitization enhancement ratio by cells treated with AuNPs and IR, and this effect is cell line dependent. Our findings support that the design of AuNPs modulated their cellular behavior and suggested that AuNPs could improve the RT efficacy in PCa cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24044122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T04:28:57Z","timestamp":1676867337000},"page":"4122","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Application of Gold Nanoparticles as Radiosensitizer for Metastatic Prostate Cancer Cell Lines"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"S\u00edlvia","family":"Soares","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ICBAS\u2014School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"FP-I3ID, FP-BHS, Universidade Fernando Pessoa (UFP), 4249-004 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade (i3S), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain"},{"name":"CEB, Centre of Biological Engineering of Minho University, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"BioMark@ISEP\/CEB\u2014Center of Biological Engineering of Minho University, School of Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1467-7800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Faria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health, Polytechnic of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8111-9123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e1tima","family":"Aires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiotherapy Service, S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o Hospital Center, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Armanda","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiotherapy Service, S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o Hospital Center, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiotherapy Service, S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o Hospital Center, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9936-7336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Goreti","family":"Sales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICBAS\u2014School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CEB, Centre of Biological Engineering of Minho University, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Biomark@UC\/CEB\u2014Centre of Biological Engineering of Minho University, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Coimbra University, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1950-1414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel A.","family":"Correa-Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CINBIO, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain"},{"name":"Southern Galicia Institute of Health Research (IISGS), and Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health (CIBERSAM), 36310 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2432-2755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana G.","family":"Guerreiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade (i3S), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute of Molecular Pathology, Immunology of the University of Porto-IPATIMUP, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Biochemistry Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8933-3984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R\u00faben","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FP-I3ID, FP-BHS, Universidade Fernando Pessoa (UFP), 4249-004 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade (i3S), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences (FCS) & Hospital Escola Fernando Pessoa (HEFP), University Fernando Pessoa (UFP), 4249-004 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21708","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2022","volume":"72","author":"Siegel","year":"2022","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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