{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T18:17:21Z","timestamp":1778609841734,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":153,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]],"date-time":"2023-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology, Portugal","award":["UID\/NEU\/04539\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/NEU\/04539\/2019"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology, Portugal","award":["UIDB\/04539\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04539\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology, Portugal","award":["UIDP\/04539\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04539\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology, Portugal","award":["2022.1012.7.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.1012.7.BD"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["UID\/NEU\/04539\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/NEU\/04539\/2019"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["UIDB\/04539\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04539\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["UIDP\/04539\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04539\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["2022.1012.7.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.1012.7.BD"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The trace element zinc (Zn) displays a wide range of biological functions. Zn ions control intercellular communication and intracellular events that maintain normal physiological processes. These effects are achieved through the modulation of several Zn-dependent proteins, including transcription factors and enzymes of key cell signaling pathways, namely those involved in proliferation, apoptosis, and antioxidant defenses. Efficient homeostatic systems carefully regulate intracellular Zn concentrations. However, perturbed Zn homeostasis has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several chronic human diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, depression, Wilson\u2019s disease, Alzheimer\u2019s disease, and other age-related diseases. This review focuses on Zn\u2019s roles in cell proliferation, survival\/death, and DNA repair mechanisms, outlines some biological Zn targets, and addresses the therapeutic potential of Zn supplementation in some human diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054822","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]],"date-time":"2023-03-02T03:29:00Z","timestamp":1677727740000},"page":"4822","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":223,"title":["Zinc: From Biological Functions to Therapeutic Potential"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Maria In\u00eas","family":"Costa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Oncobiology and Hematology (LOH), University Clinics of Hematology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine (FMUC), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR)\u2014Group of Environmental Genetics of Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine (FMUC), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4142-4841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Bela","family":"Sarmento-Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Oncobiology and Hematology (LOH), University Clinics of Hematology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine (FMUC), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR)\u2014Group of Environmental Genetics of Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine (FMUC), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-061 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Hematology Service, Centro Hospitalar e Universit\u00e1rio de Coimbra (CHUC), 3000-061 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1470-4802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Cristina","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Oncobiology and Hematology (LOH), University Clinics of Hematology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine (FMUC), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR)\u2014Group of Environmental Genetics of Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine (FMUC), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-061 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.3945\/an.112.003038","article-title":"Zinc biochemistry: From a single zinc enzyme to a key element of life","volume":"4","author":"Maret","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maret, W. (2017). Zinc in Cellular Regulation: The Nature and Significance of \u201cZinc Signals\u201d. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18112285"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012905406548","article-title":"Functions of zinc in signaling, proliferation and differentiation of mammalian cells","volume":"14","author":"Beyersmann","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biometals"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.100320","article-title":"Zinc transporters and their functional integration in mammalian cells","volume":"296","author":"Kambe","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kambe, T., Matsunaga, M., and Takeda, T.-A. (2017). Understanding the Contribution of Zinc Transporters in the Function of the Early Secretory Pathway. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18102179"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2021.101916","article-title":"Interactions of zinc- and redox-signaling pathways","volume":"41","author":"Haase","year":"2021","journal-title":"Redox. Biol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.18388\/abp.2015_1038","article-title":"Metal responsive transcription factor 1 (MTF-1) regulates zinc dependent cellular processes at the molecular level","volume":"62","author":"Grzywacz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Biochim. Pol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2021.01.010","article-title":"The function and regulation of zinc in the brain","volume":"457","author":"Krall","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.5.1471S","article-title":"Importance of Zinc in the Central Nervous System: The Zinc-Containing Neuron","volume":"130","author":"Frederickson","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220188","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.220188","article-title":"Neuronal signalling of zinc: From detection and modulation to function","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open Biol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1007\/s00775-011-0797-4","article-title":"Zinc homeostasis and signaling in health and diseases: Zinc signaling","volume":"16","author":"Fukada","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.2741\/4554","article-title":"The zinc sensing receptor, ZnR\/GPR39, in health and disease","volume":"22","author":"Sunuwar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Biosci. Landmark Ed."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1097\/CEJ.0000000000000194","article-title":"Zinc as a possible preventive and therapeutic agent in pancreatic, prostate, and breast cancer","volume":"25","author":"Hoang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laitakari, A., Liu, L., Frimurer, T.M., and Holst, B. (2021). The Zinc-Sensing Receptor GPR39 in Physiology and as a Pharmacological Target. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22083872"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-010-0517-1","article-title":"GPR39: A Zn2+-activated G protein-coupled receptor that regulates pancreatic, gastrointestinal and neuronal functions","volume":"68","author":"Popovics","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asraf, H., Salomon, S., Nevo, A., Sekler, I., Mayer, D., and Hershfinkel, M. (2014). The ZnR\/GPR39 Interacts with the CaSR to Enhance Signaling in Prostate and Salivary Epithelia. J. Cell. Physiol., 229.","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.24514"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51804","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M406581200","article-title":"Extracellular Zinc Triggers ERK-dependent Activation of Na+\/H+ Exchange in Colonocytes Mediated by the Zinc-sensing Receptor","volume":"279","author":"Sharir","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceca.2019.05.005","article-title":"ZnR\/GPR39 upregulation of K+\/Cl\u2212-cotransporter 3 in tamoxifen resistant breast cancer cells","volume":"81","author":"Mero","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Calcium"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.2008.00854.x","article-title":"Intracellular zinc homeostasis and zinc signaling","volume":"99","author":"Murakami","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-005-3707-9","article-title":"Protein tyrosine phosphatases as targets of the combined insulinomimetic effects of zinc and oxidants","volume":"18","author":"Haase","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biometals"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0061","article-title":"Regulatory Role of Zinc in Immune Cell Signaling","volume":"44","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Cells"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.2.1296","article-title":"Zinc Is Required for Fc\u03b5RI-Mediated Mast Cell Activation1","volume":"177","author":"Kabu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01993964","article-title":"Intracellular free zinc and zinc buffering in human red blood cells","volume":"123","author":"Simons","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Membr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2414","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-020-02355-w","article-title":"Comparison of Free Zinc Levels Determined by Fluorescent Probes in THP1 Cells Using Microplate Reader and Flow Cytometer","volume":"199","author":"Alker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.1c02153","article-title":"Organelle-Level Labile Zn2+ Mapping Based on Targetable Fluorescent Sensors","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2007.11.005","article-title":"Metallothionein redox biology in the cytoprotective and cytotoxic functions of zinc","volume":"43","author":"Maret","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1042\/BST20140285","article-title":"Examining a new role for zinc in regulating calcium release in cardiac muscle","volume":"43","author":"Pitt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvq352","article-title":"Intracellular free zinc during cardiac excitation\u2013contraction cycle: Calcium and redox dependencies","volume":"89","author":"Tuncay","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2000.0750594.x","article-title":"Modulation of the phosphorylation and activity of calcium\/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II by zinc","volume":"75","author":"Lengyel","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skrajnowska, D., and Bobrowska-Korczak, B. (2019). Role of Zinc in Immune System and Anti-Cancer Defense Mechanisms. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11102273"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4697","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.7.4697","article-title":"Zinc-mediated inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity and expression suppresses TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta production in monocytes by elevation of guanosine 3\u2032,5\u2032-cyclic monophosphate","volume":"175","author":"Rink","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44327","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M205634200","article-title":"Zinc Release from Protein Kinase C as the Common Event during Activation by Lipid Second Messenger or Reactive Oxygen*","volume":"277","author":"Korichneva","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1999.721609.x","article-title":"Mediation by Membrane Protein Kinase C of Zinc-Induced Oxidative Neuronal Injury in Mouse Cortical Cultures","volume":"72","author":"Noh","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a008904","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a008904","article-title":"Signaling pathways that control cell proliferation","volume":"5","author":"Duronio","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-011-0775-1","article-title":"Zinc and human health: An update","volume":"86","author":"Chasapis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-4827(03)00406-3","article-title":"Intracellular zinc fluctuations modulate protein tyrosine phosphatase activity in insulin\/insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling","volume":"291","author":"Haase","year":"2003","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-009-9067-4","article-title":"The role of zinc in the modulation of neuronal proliferation and apoptosis","volume":"17","author":"Adamo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurotox Res."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"1997","article-title":"ERK\/MAPK signalling pathway and tumorigenesis","volume":"19","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.5.1500S","article-title":"The role of zinc in growth and cell proliferation","volume":"130","author":"MacDonald","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2015.03.003","article-title":"Zinc promotes proliferation and activation of myogenic cells via the PI3K\/Akt and ERK signaling cascade","volume":"333","author":"Ohashi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/0261-5614(91)90008-Z","article-title":"Decline in somatomedin-C (insulin-like growth factor-1) with experimentally induced zinc deficiency in human subjects","volume":"10","author":"Cossack","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19910051","article-title":"Role of insulin-like growth factor-1 and growth hormone in growth inhibition induced by magnesium and zinc deficiencies","volume":"66","author":"Flyvbjerg","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4652(199808)176:2<392::AID-JCP18>3.0.CO;2-5","article-title":"Multivalent cations and ligand affinity of the type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor on P2A2-LISN muscle cells","volume":"176","author":"McCusker","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(99)00419-6","article-title":"Inhibition of insulin-like growth factor-I mitogenic action by zinc chelation is associated with a decreased mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in RAT-1 fibroblasts","volume":"449","author":"Lefebvre","year":"1999","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"L924","article-title":"Activation of the EGF receptor signaling pathway in human airway epithelial cells exposed to metals","volume":"277","author":"Wu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"874","article-title":"The impaired growth induced by zinc deficiency in rats is associated with decreased expression of the hepatic insulin-like growth factor I and growth hormone receptor genes","volume":"125","author":"McNall","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/131.5.1414","article-title":"Zinc Has an Insulin-Like Effect on Glucose Transport Mediated by Phosphoinositol-3-Kinase and Akt in 3T3-L1 Fibroblasts and Adipocytes","volume":"131","author":"Tang","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1432-1327.1999.00932.x","article-title":"Extracellular calcium stimulates DNA synthesis in synergism with zinc, insulin and insulin-like growth factor I in fibroblasts","volume":"266","author":"Huang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2720525","article-title":"A requirement for Zn2+ for the induction of thymidine kinase but not ornithine decarboxylase in 3T3 cells stimulated from quiescence","volume":"272","author":"Chesters","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19700108","article-title":"The effects of early zinc deficiency on DNA and protein synthesis in the rat","volume":"24","author":"Williams","year":"1970","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/s10522-006-9056-4","article-title":"NF-kappaB, AP-1, Zinc-deficiency and aging","volume":"7","author":"Herbein","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biogerontology"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a000034","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a000034","article-title":"The NF-kappaB family of transcription factors and its regulation","volume":"1","author":"Oeckinghaus","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-017-0309-4","article-title":"Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of zinc. Zinc-dependent NF-\u03baB signaling","volume":"25","author":"Jarosz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2007.08.030","article-title":"Zinc up-regulates NF-\u03baB activation via phosphorylation of I\u03baB in HUT-78 (Th0) cells","volume":"581","author":"Bao","year":"2007","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1177\/153537020122600207","article-title":"Dietary Zinc Supplementation Inhibits NF\u03baB Activation and Protects Against Chemically Induced Diabetes in CD1 Mice","volume":"226","author":"Ho","year":"2001","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med. Maywood"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1987.tb13545.x","article-title":"Regulation of the ontogeny of rat liver metallothionein mRNA by zinc","volume":"166","author":"Andrews","year":"1987","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"4667","article-title":"Metallothionein and apoptosis in primary human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) from northern China","volume":"18","author":"Cai","year":"1998","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"240","article-title":"Induction and subcellular localization of metallothionein in regenerating rat liver","volume":"63","author":"Tsujikawa","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.2.579","article-title":"Cell cycle regulation of metallothionein in human colonic cancer cells","volume":"92","author":"Nagel","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(91)80597-V","article-title":"Localization of metallothionein in nuclei of growing primary cultured adult rat hepatocytes","volume":"283","author":"Tsujikawa","year":"1991","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"177","article-title":"Immunohistochemical localization of metallothionein in human thyroid tumors","volume":"129","author":"Nartey","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.1994.1054","article-title":"Subcellular localization of metallothionein IIA in human bladder tumor cells using a novel epitope-specific antiserum","volume":"125","author":"Kuo","year":"1994","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takagishi, T., Hara, T., and Fukada, T. (2017). Recent Advances in the Role of SLC39A\/ZIP Zinc Transporters In Vivo. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18122708"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1080\/15216540500264554","article-title":"Zinc deficiency-induced cell death","volume":"57","author":"Clegg","year":"2005","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1711.1999.00825.x","article-title":"Regulation of caspase activation and apoptosis by cellular zinc fluxes and zinc deprivation: A review","volume":"77","author":"Chai","year":"1999","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinorgbio.2017.11.014","article-title":"Neuronal death\/apoptosis induced by intracellular zinc deficiency associated with changes in amino-acid neurotransmitters and glutamate receptor subtypes","volume":"179","author":"Tian","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(01)00624-4","article-title":"Role of cellular zinc in programmed cell death: Temporal relationship between zinc depletion, activation of caspases, and cleavage of Sp family transcription factors","volume":"62","author":"Chimienti","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J.K., Ha, J.-H., Kim, D.-K., Kwon, J., Cho, Y.-E., and Kwun, I.-S. (2022). Depletion of Zinc Causes Osteoblast Apoptosis with Elevation of Leptin Secretion and Phosphorylation of JAK2\/STAT3. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15010077"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-019-01821-4","article-title":"Zinc Deficiency Promotes Testicular Cell Apoptosis in Mice","volume":"195","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.12167","article-title":"Zinc Protects Human Kidney Cells from Depleted Uranium-induced Apoptosis","volume":"114","author":"Hao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-012-9492-8","article-title":"Zinc Inhibits Apoptosis and Maintains NEP Downregulation, Induced by Ropivacaine, in HaCaT Cells","volume":"150","author":"Kontargiris","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-021-02673-7","article-title":"Zinc Protects against Heat Stress\u2013Induced Apoptosis via the Inhibition of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in TM3 Leydig Cells","volume":"200","author":"Xiong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.11.008","article-title":"Zinc and its role in immunity and inflammation","volume":"14","author":"Bonaventura","year":"2015","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5041","DOI":"10.2174\/092986711797636126","article-title":"Insight to physiology and pathology of zinc(II) ions and their actions in breast and prostate carcinoma","volume":"18","author":"Gumulec","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2007.07.010","article-title":"Zinc, antioxidant systems and metallothionein in metal mediated-apoptosis: Biochemical and cytochemical aspects","volume":"146","author":"Formigari","year":"2007","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part C Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.22049","article-title":"The Important Role of the Apoptotic Effects of Zinc in the Development of Cancers","volume":"106","author":"Franklin","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cell Biochem."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2006.02.009","article-title":"Antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of zinc-citrate compound (CIZAR(R)) on human epithelial ovarian cancer cell line, OVCAR-3","volume":"103","author":"Bae","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2008.09.010","article-title":"Intracellular zinc increase inhibits p53(-\/-) pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell growth by ROS\/AIF-mediated apoptosis","volume":"1793","author":"Donadelli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0045(19990801)40:3<200::AID-PROS8>3.0.CO;2-3","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of zinc on human prostatic carcinoma cell growth","volume":"40","author":"Liang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2014.10.010","article-title":"Zinc deficiency induces apoptosis via mitochondrial p53- and caspase-dependent pathways in human neuronal precursor cells","volume":"30","author":"Seth","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1998.8621","article-title":"Zinc Suppresses Apoptosis of U937 Cells Induced by Hydrogen Peroxide through an Increase of the Bcl-2\/Bax Ratio","volume":"246","author":"Fukamachi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"676","article-title":"Zinc: A promising agent in dietary chemoprevention of cancer","volume":"132","author":"Dhawan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1089\/15230860152542961","article-title":"Zinc binding and redox control of p53 structure and function","volume":"3","author":"Hainaut","year":"2001","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox. Signal."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1039\/c003915b","article-title":"The missing zinc: p53 misfolding and cancer","volume":"2","author":"Loh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Metallomics"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16770","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.222679399","article-title":"Low intracellular zinc induces oxidative DNA damage, disrupts p53, NF\u03baB, and AP1 DNA binding, and affects DNA repair in a rat glioma cell line","volume":"99","author":"Ho","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.5.1459S","article-title":"Cellular zinc fluxes and the regulation of apoptosis\/gene-directed cell death","volume":"130","author":"Ho","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2860331","article-title":"Key morphological features of apoptosis may occur in the absence of internucleosomal DNA fragmentation","volume":"286","author":"Cohen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S85","DOI":"10.1086\/315914","article-title":"Intracellular Zinc Depletion Induces Caspase Activation and p21Waf1\/Cip1 Cleavage in Human Epithelial Cell Lines","volume":"182","author":"Chai","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1021\/acschembio.8b00064","article-title":"Multiple Mechanisms of Zinc-Mediated Inhibition for the Apoptotic Caspases-3, -6, -7, and -8","volume":"13","author":"Eron","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1438S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2010.28674D","article-title":"Dietary reference values of individual micronutrients and nutriomes for genome damage prevention: Current status and a road map to the future","volume":"91","author":"Fenech","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-38007-5_24","article-title":"Nutriomes and personalised nutrition for DNA damage prevention, telomere integrity maintenance and cancer growth control","volume":"159","author":"Fenech","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Res."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597282","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/597282","article-title":"The influence of micronutrients in cell culture: A reflection on viability and genomic stability","volume":"2013","author":"Arigony","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-012-0318-4","article-title":"Effects of micronutrients on DNA repair","volume":"51","author":"Collins","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_1738_18","article-title":"Nutrigenomics: Opportunities & challenges for public health nutrition","volume":"148","author":"Reddy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2004.07.005","article-title":"Zinc deficiency, DNA damage and cancer risk","volume":"15","author":"Ho","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prasad, A.S., and Bao, B. (2019). Molecular Mechanisms of Zinc as a Pro-Antioxidant Mediator: Clinical Therapeutic Implications. Antioxidants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8060164"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/138.4.667","article-title":"Zinc deficiency alters DNA damage response genes in normal human prostate epithelial cells","volume":"138","author":"Yan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.11.001","article-title":"Exacerbation of diabetes-induced testicular apoptosis by zinc deficiency is most likely associated with oxidative stress, p38 MAPK activation, and p53 activation in mice","volume":"200","author":"Zhao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2008.02.013","article-title":"Zinc protects endothelial cells from hydrogen peroxide via Nrf2-dependent stimulation of glutathione biosynthesis","volume":"44","author":"Cortese","year":"2008","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samavarchi Tehrani, S., Mahmoodzadeh Hosseini, H., Yousefi, T., Abolghasemi, M., Qujeq, D., Maniati, M., and Amani, J. (2018). The crosstalk between trace elements with DNA damage response, repair, and oxidative stress in cancer. J. Cell Biochem., 120.","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.27617"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2006.09.001","article-title":"Dietary zinc restriction in rats alters antioxidant status and increases plasma F2 isoprostanes","volume":"18","author":"Bruno","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.109.106369","article-title":"Zinc Deficiency Affects DNA Damage, Oxidative Stress, Antioxidant Defenses, and DNA Repair in Rats","volume":"139","author":"Song","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.116.135327","article-title":"A moderate increase in dietary zinc reduces DNA strand breaks in leukocytes and alters plasma proteins without changing plasma zinc concentrations","volume":"105","author":"Zyba","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2014.10.006","article-title":"Zinc supplementation reduced DNA breaks in Ethiopian women","volume":"35","author":"Joray","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2020.09.003","article-title":"DNA double-strand break repair: Putting zinc fingers on the sore spot","volume":"113","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2013.11.010","article-title":"Arsenite binding-induced zinc loss from PARP-1 is equivalent to zinc deficiency in reducing PARP-1 activity, leading to inhibition of DNA repair","volume":"274","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.14348\/molcells.2015.2142","article-title":"Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of p53 Contributes to TPEN-Induced Neuronal Apoptosis","volume":"38","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Cells"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2543","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.8.2543","article-title":"Zinc deficiency induces oxidative DNA damage and increases p53 expression in human lung fibroblasts","volume":"133","author":"Ho","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0027-5107(01)00067-7","article-title":"Zinc and the gene","volume":"475","author":"Dreosti","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.15430\/JCP.2019.24.3.146","article-title":"Effect of the Interaction Between Selenium and Zinc on DNA Repair in Association With Cancer Prevention","volume":"24","author":"Yildiz","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.20892\/j.issn.2095-3941.2020.0106","article-title":"Zinc dysregulation in cancers and its potential as a therapeutic target","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.3945\/an.114.006874","article-title":"Zinc","volume":"6","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, D., Stovall, D.B., Wang, W., and Sui, G. (2020). Advances of Zinc Signaling Studies in Prostate Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21020667"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2006.12.009","article-title":"Evaluation of zinc status in whole blood and scalp hair of female cancer patients","volume":"379","author":"Memon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.4161\/cbt.12.4.16356","article-title":"Decreased zinc and downregulation of ZIP3 zinc uptake transporter in the development of pancreatic adenocarcinoma","volume":"12","author":"Costello","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Biol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-1591.78405","article-title":"Zinc status of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate carcinoma","volume":"27","author":"Christudoss","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2625","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2014.15.6.2625","article-title":"Serum levels of trace elements in patients with prostate cancer","volume":"15","author":"Kaba","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-4598-6-37","article-title":"hZip2 and hZip3 zinc transporters are down regulated in human prostate adenocarcinomatous glands","volume":"6","author":"Desouki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-4598-4-32","article-title":"hZIP1 zinc uptake transporter down regulation and zinc depletion in prostate cancer","volume":"4","author":"Franklin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6005","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1206797","article-title":"Expression of the zinc transporter ZnT4 is decreased in the progression from early prostate disease to invasive prostate cancer","volume":"22","author":"Henshall","year":"2003","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.2007.00446.x","article-title":"Zinc and its transporter ZIP10 are involved in invasive behavior of breast cancer cells","volume":"98","author":"Kagara","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s12029-011-9269-x","article-title":"ZIP14 Zinc Transporter Downregulation and Zinc Depletion in the Development and Progression of Hepatocellular Cancer","volume":"43","author":"Franklin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest Cancer"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1007\/s12029-012-9378-1","article-title":"Evidence for Changes in RREB-1, ZIP3, and Zinc in the Early Development of Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma","volume":"43","author":"Costello","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest Cancer"},{"key":"ref_124","first-page":"3899","article-title":"Zinc supplementation induces apoptosis and enhances antitumor efficacy of docetaxel in non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"9","author":"Kocdor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Des. Dev."},{"key":"ref_125","first-page":"2269","article-title":"Zinc enhances chemosensitivity to paclitaxel in PC-3 prostate cancer cells","volume":"40","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa, M.I., Lapa, B.S., Jorge, J., Alves, R., Carreira, I.M., Sarmento-Ribeiro, A.B., and Gon\u00e7alves, A.C. (2022). Zinc Prevents DNA Damage in Normal Cells but Shows Genotoxic and Cytotoxic Effects in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23052567"},{"key":"ref_127","first-page":"327","article-title":"Zinc differentially modulates DNA damage induced by anthracyclines in normal and cancer cells","volume":"34","author":"Wysokinski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellbi.2009.02.004","article-title":"Zinc salts differentially modulate DNA damage in normal and cancer cells","volume":"33","author":"Sliwinski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Biol. Int."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2009.04.002","article-title":"Differential response to zinc-induced apoptosis in benign prostate hyperplasia and prostate cancer cells","volume":"21","author":"Yan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.2478\/s11658-008-0009-6","article-title":"High intracellular Zn2+ ions modulate the VHR, ZAP-70 and ERK activities of LNCaP prostate cancer cells","volume":"13","author":"Wong","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Biol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"To, P.K., Do, M.-H., Cho, Y.-S., Kwon, S.-Y., Kim, M.S., and Jung, C. (2018). Zinc Inhibits Expression of Androgen Receptor to Suppress Growth of Prostate Cancer Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19103062"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-019-01879-0","article-title":"Concentration-Dependent Effects of Zinc Sulfate on DU-145 Human Prostate Cancer Cell Line: Oxidative, Apoptotic, Inflammatory, and Morphological Analyzes","volume":"195","author":"Hacioglu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-4598-7-25","article-title":"The Involvement of Bax in Zinc-Induced Mitochondrial Apoptogenesis in Malignant Prostate Cells","volume":"7","author":"Feng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_134","first-page":"562","article-title":"The role of survivin and Bcl-2 in zinc-induced apoptosis in prostate cancer cells","volume":"30","author":"Ku","year":"2012","journal-title":"Urol. Oncol. Semin. Orig. Investig."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8119","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-26459-5","article-title":"Enhanced ZnR\/GPR39 Activity in Breast Cancer, an Alternative Trigger of Signaling Leading to Cell Growth","volume":"8","author":"Asraf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395-021-00894-4","article-title":"The zinc transporter ZIP7 (Slc39a7) controls myocardial reperfusion injury by regulating mitophagy","volume":"116","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Basic Res. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.5551\/jat.RV17057","article-title":"The Role of Zinc Homeostasis in the Prevention of Diabetes Mellitus and Cardiovascular Diseases","volume":"28","author":"Tamura","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Atheroscler. Thromb."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphs.2021.11.007","article-title":"Zinc transporters as potential therapeutic targets: An updated review","volume":"148","author":"Hara","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14620","article-title":"The zinc transporter ZIP12 regulates the pulmonary vascular response to chronic hypoxia","volume":"524","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2018.08.013","article-title":"Zinc signaling and epilepsy","volume":"193","author":"Doboszewska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Portbury, S.D., and Adlard, P.A. (2017). Zinc Signal in Brain Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18122506"},{"key":"ref_142","first-page":"73","article-title":"Effects of Zinc Supplementation in Patients with Major Depression: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"8","author":"Ranjbar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Iran. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.06.022","article-title":"The efficacy of zinc supplementation in depression: Systematic review of randomised controlled trials","volume":"136","author":"Lai","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01262-5","article-title":"Schizophrenia-associated SLC39A8 polymorphism is a loss-of-function allele altering glutamate receptor and innate immune signaling","volume":"11","author":"Tseng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2020.07.003","article-title":"Multifunctional roles of zinc in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"80","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"NeuroToxicology"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-021-00931-3","article-title":"Serum zinc levels and in vivo beta-amyloid deposition in the human brain","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9490","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0913114107","article-title":"Zinc ions promote Alzheimer A\u03b2 aggregation via population shift of polymorphic states","volume":"107","author":"Miller","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmz013","article-title":"The Role of Zinc in Antiviral Immunity","volume":"10","author":"Read","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alit.2020.09.007","article-title":"Role of intracellular zinc in molecular and cellular function in allergic inflammatory diseases","volume":"70","author":"Suzuki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Allergol. Int."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.5152\/tjg.2016.16396","article-title":"Effects of zinc or synbiotic on the duration of diarrhea in children with acute infectious diarrhea","volume":"27","author":"Yazar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Turk. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ogawa, Y., Kinoshita, M., Shimada, S., and Kawamura, T. (2018). Zinc and Skin Disorders. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10020199"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fukunaka, A., and Fujitani, Y. (2018). Role of Zinc Homeostasis in the Pathogenesis of Diabetes and Obesity. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19020476"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.3345\/cep.2019.01221","article-title":"Zinc transporter 8 autoantibody in the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in children","volume":"63","author":"Rochmah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pediatr."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/5\/4822\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:45:55Z","timestamp":1760121955000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/5\/4822"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]]},"references-count":153,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms24054822"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24054822","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]]}}}