{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T16:50:14Z","timestamp":1772556614657,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,9]],"date-time":"2023-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683590400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ibero-American Program on Science and Technology","award":["P223RT0141"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P223RT0141"]}]},{"name":"Ibero-American Program on Science and Technology","award":["ENOTTA-CA21147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ENOTTA-CA21147"]}]},{"name":"Ibero-American Program on Science and Technology","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Ibero-American Program on Science and Technology","award":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Ibero-American Program on Science and Technology","award":["LA\/P\/0008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0008\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Ibero-American Program on Science and Technology","award":["PTDC\/QUI-QAN\/3899\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/QUI-QAN\/3899\/2021"]}]},{"name":"European Cooperation in Science and Technology","award":["P223RT0141"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P223RT0141"]}]},{"name":"European Cooperation in Science and Technology","award":["ENOTTA-CA21147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ENOTTA-CA21147"]}]},{"name":"European Cooperation in Science and Technology","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Cooperation in Science and Technology","award":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Cooperation in Science and Technology","award":["LA\/P\/0008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0008\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Cooperation in Science and Technology","award":["PTDC\/QUI-QAN\/3899\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/QUI-QAN\/3899\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)\/Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior (MCTES)","award":["P223RT0141"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P223RT0141"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)\/Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior (MCTES)","award":["ENOTTA-CA21147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ENOTTA-CA21147"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)\/Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior (MCTES)","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)\/Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior (MCTES)","award":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)\/Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior (MCTES)","award":["LA\/P\/0008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0008\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)\/Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior (MCTES)","award":["PTDC\/QUI-QAN\/3899\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/QUI-QAN\/3899\/2021"]}]},{"name":"POPH-QREN-Tipologia 4.1-Forma\u00e7\u00e3o Avan\u00e7ada","award":["P223RT0141"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P223RT0141"]}]},{"name":"POPH-QREN-Tipologia 4.1-Forma\u00e7\u00e3o Avan\u00e7ada","award":["ENOTTA-CA21147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ENOTTA-CA21147"]}]},{"name":"POPH-QREN-Tipologia 4.1-Forma\u00e7\u00e3o Avan\u00e7ada","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"POPH-QREN-Tipologia 4.1-Forma\u00e7\u00e3o Avan\u00e7ada","award":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"POPH-QREN-Tipologia 4.1-Forma\u00e7\u00e3o Avan\u00e7ada","award":["LA\/P\/0008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0008\/2020"]}]},{"name":"POPH-QREN-Tipologia 4.1-Forma\u00e7\u00e3o Avan\u00e7ada","award":["PTDC\/QUI-QAN\/3899\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/QUI-QAN\/3899\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Fundo Social Europeu (FSE)","award":["P223RT0141"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P223RT0141"]}]},{"name":"Fundo Social Europeu (FSE)","award":["ENOTTA-CA21147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ENOTTA-CA21147"]}]},{"name":"Fundo Social Europeu (FSE)","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Fundo Social Europeu (FSE)","award":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Fundo Social Europeu (FSE)","award":["LA\/P\/0008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0008\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Fundo Social Europeu (FSE)","award":["PTDC\/QUI-QAN\/3899\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/QUI-QAN\/3899\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior (MCTES)","award":["P223RT0141"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P223RT0141"]}]},{"name":"Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior (MCTES)","award":["ENOTTA-CA21147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ENOTTA-CA21147"]}]},{"name":"Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior (MCTES)","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior (MCTES)","award":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior (MCTES)","award":["LA\/P\/0008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0008\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior (MCTES)","award":["PTDC\/QUI-QAN\/3899\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/QUI-QAN\/3899\/2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Major depressive disorder is a widespread condition with antidepressants as the main pharmacological treatment. However, some patients experience concerning adverse reactions or have an inadequate response to treatment. Analytical chromatographic techniques, among other techniques, are valuable tools for investigating medication complications, including those associated with antidepressants. Nevertheless, there is a growing need to address the limitations associated with these techniques. In recent years, electrochemical (bio)sensors have garnered significant attention due to their lower cost, portability, and precision. Electrochemical (bio)sensors can be used for various applications related to depression, such as monitoring the levels of antidepressants in biological and in environmental samples. They can provide accurate and rapid results, which could facilitate personalized treatment and improve patient outcomes. This state-of-the-art literature review aims to explore the latest advancements in the electrochemical detection of antidepressants. The review focuses on two types of electrochemical sensors: Chemically modified sensors and enzyme-based biosensors. The referred papers are carefully categorized according to their respective sensor type. The review examines the differences between the two sensing methods, highlights their unique features and limitations, and provides an in-depth analysis of each sensor.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24108480","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,10]],"date-time":"2023-05-10T03:32:27Z","timestamp":1683689547000},"page":"8480","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Electrochemical Chemically Based Sensors and Emerging Enzymatic Biosensors for Antidepressant Drug Detection: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5272-4178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renato","family":"Caldevilla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CISA|ESS, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade e Ambiente, Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"REQUIMTE\u2013LAQV, School of Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, R. Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Stephanie L.","family":"Morais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\u2013LAQV, School of Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, R. Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1157-8196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agostinho","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CISA|ESS, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade e Ambiente, Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3924-776X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Delerue-Matos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\u2013LAQV, School of Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, R. Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CISA|ESS, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade e Ambiente, Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8366-0490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o G.","family":"Pacheco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\u2013LAQV, School of Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, R. Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5020-5942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marlene","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CISA|ESS, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade e Ambiente, Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto\u2014Francisco Gentil, R. Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida 865, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9011-5992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria F\u00e1tima","family":"Barroso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\u2013LAQV, School of Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, R. Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Orgnaztion (2022, October 12). Depression. 2021. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/depression."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, American Psychiatric Association. [5th ed.].","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"651","article-title":"Current understanding of the neurobiology of major depressive disorder","volume":"56","author":"Gheorman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rom. J. Morphol. Embryol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.2174\/138161209788168001","article-title":"Monoaminergic Neurotransmission: The History of the Discovery of Antidepressants from 1950s Until Today","volume":"15","author":"Alamo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2010.10.010","article-title":"Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder","volume":"29","author":"Soleimani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"20","article-title":"Clinical issues in long-term treatment with antidepressants","volume":"61","author":"Zajecka","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1993.tb03376.x","article-title":"A comparison of paroxetine and placebo in depressed outpatients","volume":"87","author":"Dunbar","year":"1993","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.73.4.351","article-title":"Side effects of antidepressants: An overview","volume":"73","author":"Khawam","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cleve. Clin. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.1.131","article-title":"A novel augmentation strategy for treating resistant major depression","volume":"158","author":"Shelton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2022.116609","article-title":"Recent advancements in techniques for analyzing modern, atypical antidepressants in complex biological matrices and their application in biomedical studies","volume":"152","author":"Roszkowska","year":"2022","journal-title":"TrAC-Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5939","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-014-8019-x","article-title":"Quantification of 33 antidepressants by LC-MS\/MS-Comparative validation in whole blood, plasma, and serum","volume":"406","author":"Montenarh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.2174\/1389557519666190617150518","article-title":"Recent Advances in the HPLC Analysis of Tricyclic Antidepressants in Bio-Samples","volume":"20","author":"Manousi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mini-Rev. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2016.06.027","article-title":"Antidepressants detection and quantification in whole blood samples by GC\u2013MS\/MS, for forensic purposes","volume":"128","author":"Truta","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jab.2013.02.001","article-title":"Advances in biosensors: Principle, architecture and applications","volume":"12","author":"Perumal","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-8981(03)00241-9","article-title":"Biosensors in clinical chemistry","volume":"334","author":"Orazio","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1039\/b714449k","article-title":"Electrochemical biosensors","volume":"39","author":"Ronkainen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"195","article-title":"Impedance spectroscopy and biosensing","volume":"109","author":"Balkenhohl","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv. Biochem. Eng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2018.02.034","article-title":"Electrochemical sensors and biosensors for the analysis of antineoplastic drugs","volume":"108","author":"Lima","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qian, L., Thiruppathi, A.R., Elmahdy, R., van der Zalm, J., and Chen, A. (2020). Graphene-oxide-based electrochemical sensors for the sensitive detection of pharmaceutical drug naproxen. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20051252"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2017.07.119","article-title":"Second generation of signaling-probe displacement electrochemical aptasensor for detection of picomolar ampicillin and sulfadimethoxine","volume":"253","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2010.03.003","article-title":"Voltammetric sensor for buzepide methiodide determination based on TiO2 nanoparticle-modified carbon paste electrode","volume":"78","author":"Kalanur","year":"2010","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stelmachowski, P., Maj, D., Grzybek, G., Krucza\u0142a, K., and Kotarba, A. (2022). Functionalization of Graphite with Oxidative Plasma. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23179650"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Myasoedova, T.N., Kalusulingam, R., and Mikhailova, T.S. (2022). Sol-Gel Materials for Electrochemical Applications: Recent Advances. Coatings, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings12111625"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ammarullah, M.I., Afif, I.Y., Maula, M.I., Winarni, T.I., Tauviqirrahman, M., Akbar, I., Basri, H., van der Heide, E., and Jamari, J. (2021). Tresca stress simulation of metal-on-metal total hip arthroplasty during normal walking activity. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14247554"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.6b04251","article-title":"In Vivo Chemical Sensors: Role of Biocompatibility on Performance and Utility","volume":"89","author":"Soto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1039\/an9952001029","article-title":"Sensing with chemically and biologically modified carbon electrodes: A review","volume":"120","author":"Gilmartin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1351\/pac199769061317","article-title":"Chemically modified electrodes: Recommended terminology and definitions","volume":"69","author":"Durst","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.0c00467","article-title":"Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Amitriptyline","volume":"12","author":"McClure","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2014.03.068","article-title":"A highly improved method for sensitive determination of amitriptyline in pharmaceutical formulations using an unmodified carbon nanotube electrode in the presence of sulfuric acid","volume":"127","author":"Dallantonia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"700","article-title":"Sensitive electro-chemical determination of antidepressant drug clomipramine at f-mwcnts nano clusters modified glassy carbon electrode","volume":"11","author":"Jat","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiwanti, P.K., Wardhana, B.Y., Sutanto, L.G., Dewi, D.M.M., Putri, I.Z.D., and Savitri, I.N.I. (2022). Recent Development of Nano-Carbon Material in Pharmaceutical Application: A Review. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27217578"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1517\/17425255.2014.863873","article-title":"Clinical pharmacology review of escitalopram for the treatment of depression","volume":"10","author":"Pastoor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adjei, K., Adunlin, G., and Ali, A.A. (2023). Impact of Sertraline, Fluoxetine, and Escitalopram on Psychological Distress among United States Adult Outpatients with a Major Depressive Disorder. Healthcare, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11050740"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2017.08.094","article-title":"Comparative performances of a bare graphite-polyurethane composite electrode unmodified and modified with graphene and carbon nanotubes in the electrochemical determination of escitalopram","volume":"178","author":"Baccarin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1007\/s10008-017-3772-3","article-title":"Electrochemical sensor for detection of imipramine antidepressant at low potential based on oxidized carbon nanotubes, ferrocenecarboxylic acid, and cyclodextrin: Application in psychotropic drugs and urine samples","volume":"22","author":"Silva","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Solid State Electrochem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200241150-00002","article-title":"Clinical pharmacokinetics of sertraline","volume":"41","author":"Liston","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2020.105524","article-title":"Simultaneous voltammetric detection of anti-depressant drug, sertraline HCl and paracetamol in biological fluid at CNT-cesium modified electrode in micellar media","volume":"159","author":"Atty","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02190274","article-title":"Trimipramine: A challenge to current concepts on antidepressives","volume":"246","author":"Berger","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4027","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ay40388b","article-title":"Combined microporous membrane-based liquid-liquid-liquid microextraction and in situ differential pulse voltammetry for highly sensitive detection of trimipramine","volume":"5","author":"Ensafi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1875-9114.1996.tb02965.x","article-title":"Therapeutic options for treating major depression, and the role of venlafaxine","volume":"16","author":"Scott","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.5562\/cca2420","article-title":"Electrocatalytic oxidation of venlafaxine at a multiwall carbon nanotubes-ionic liquid gel modified glassy carbon electrode and its electrochemical determination","volume":"88","author":"Ding","year":"2015","journal-title":"Croat. Chem. Acta"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-018-0400-z","article-title":"Recent advances in graphene-based biosensor technology with applications in life sciences","volume":"16","author":"Nguyen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-7021(11)70160-2","article-title":"Graphene in biosensing","volume":"14","author":"Pumera","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1080\/00032710500536020","article-title":"Use of graphite polyurethane composite electrode for imipramine oxidation-Mechanism proposal and electroanalytical determination","volume":"39","author":"Santos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anal. Lett."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2019.110407","article-title":"Polyoxometalate\/reduced graphene oxide modified pencil graphite sensor for the electrochemical trace determination of paroxetine in biological and pharmaceutical media","volume":"108","author":"Oghli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31609","DOI":"10.1039\/C9RA04999A","article-title":"A comparative study of different electrodeposited NiCo2O4 microspheres anchored on a reduced graphene oxide platform: Electrochemical sensor for anti-depressant drug venlafaxine","volume":"9","author":"Ali","year":"2019","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.12968\/hosp.2001.62.1.1503","article-title":"Pharmacological treatment of depression: The role of paroxetine","volume":"62","author":"Deahl","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hosp. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1021\/cm402221y","article-title":"Atomic Layer Deposition of Noble Metals and Their Oxides Jani","volume":"26","author":"Jani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9302","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-88747-x","article-title":"Copper\/reduced graphene oxide film modified electrode for non-enzymatic glucose sensing application","volume":"11","author":"Phetsang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2017.05.062","article-title":"Three-dimensional hybrid graphene\/nickel electrodes on zinc oxide nanorod arrays as non-enzymatic glucose biosensors","volume":"251","author":"Mazaheri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B. Chem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2018.12.122","article-title":"Electrochimica Acta A novel nanoporous bismuth electrode sensor for in situ heavy metal detection","volume":"298","author":"Hwang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keabadile, O.P., Aremu, A.O., Elugoke, S.E., and Fayemi, O.E. (2020). Green and traditional synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles\u2014Comparative study. Nanomaterials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10122502"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1002\/bab.2224","article-title":"Biosensors based on aptamer-conjugated gold nanoparticles: A review","volume":"69","author":"Nooranian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.2147\/NSA.S23932","article-title":"A review of mammalian toxicity of ZnO nanoparticles","volume":"5","author":"Vandebriel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nanotechnol. Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2019.04.057","article-title":"A sensitive voltammetric sertraline nanosensor based on ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles modified screen printed electrode","volume":"143","author":"Tajik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Meas. J. Int. Meas. Confed."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sultan, S., Shah, A., Firdous, N., Nisar, J., Ashiq, M.N., and Shah, I. (2022). A Novel Electrochemical Sensing Platform for the Detection of the Antidepressant Drug, Venlafaxine, in Water and Biological Specimens. Chemosensors, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/chemosensors10100400"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2014.12.074","article-title":"Electrochemical determination of fluvoxamine on mercury nanoparticle multi-walled carbon nanotube modified glassy carbon electrode","volume":"210","author":"Madrakian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2016.03.117","article-title":"Electropolymerization of Ni-LD metallopolymers on gold nanoparticles enriched multi-walled carbon nanotubes as nano-structure electrocatalyst for efficient voltammetric sertraline detection in human serum","volume":"203","author":"Shoja","year":"2016","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2020.112719","article-title":"Molecularly imprinted polymer-based electrochemical sensors for environmental analysis","volume":"172","author":"Rebelo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seguro, I., Rebelo, P., Pacheco, J.G., and Delerue-Matos, C. (2022). Screen-Printed Electrode\u2014A Simple, Fast, and Disposable Voltammetric Sensor for Trazodone. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22072819"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rebelo, P., Pacheco, J.G., Voroshylova, I.V., Seguro, I., Cordeiro, M.N.D.S., and Delerue-Matos, C. (2022). Computational Modelling and Sustainable Synthesis of a Highly Selective Electrochemical MIP-Based Sensor for Citalopram Detection. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27103315"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2021.139273","article-title":"Development of a molecular imprinted electrochemiluminescence sensor for amitriptyline detection: From MD simulations to experimental implementation","volume":"397","author":"Rebelo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"22","article-title":"Advanced Electrochemical Molecularly Imprinted Polymer as Sensor Interfaces","volume":"15","author":"Branger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Multidiscip. Digit. Publ. Inst. Proc."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hossain, M.F., Heo, J.S., Nelson, J., and Kim, I. (2019). Paper-based flexible electrode using chemically-modified graphene and functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotube composites for electrophysiological signal sensing. Information, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/info10100325"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1517\/17460441.2014.907790","article-title":"Fluoxetine: A case history of its discovery and preclinical development","volume":"9","author":"Bravo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.02.052","article-title":"Graphene\/graphite paste electrode incorporated with molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticles as a novel sensor for differential pulse voltammetry determination of fluoxetine","volume":"81","author":"Alizadeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2020.105348","article-title":"Screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) modified by molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) nanoparticles and graphene nanosheets for determination of sertraline antidepressant drug","volume":"159","author":"Khosrokhavar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2018.03.061","article-title":"A new carbon paste electrode modified with MWCNTs and nano-structured molecularly imprinted polymer for ultratrace determination of trimipramine: The crucial effect of electrode components mixing on its performance","volume":"111","author":"Akhoundian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2022.116493","article-title":"A novel electrochemical sensor based on molecularly imprinted polymer nanocomposite platform for sensitive and ultra-selective determination of citalopram","volume":"918","author":"Aminikhah","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/S0956-5663(00)00076-2","article-title":"Materials and techniques for electrochemical biosensor design and construction","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6521(1998)2:6<317::AID-FACT2>3.0.CO;2-5","article-title":"Biosensors for Field Analytical Monitoring","volume":"2","author":"Rogers","year":"1998","journal-title":"Field Anal. Chem. Technol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rocchitta, G., Spanu, A., Babudieri, S., Latte, G., Madeddu, G., Galleri, G., Nuvoli, S., Bagella, P., Demartis, M.I., and Fiore, V. (2016). Enzyme biosensors for biomedical applications: Strategies for safeguarding analytical performances in biological fluids. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16060780"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.11.009","article-title":"Photoelectrochemical enzymatic biosensors","volume":"92","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/0959-440X(95)80009-3","article-title":"Cytochrome P450","volume":"5","author":"Poulos","year":"1995","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2012.12.007","article-title":"Cytochrome P450 enzymes in drug metabolism: Regulation of gene expression, enzyme activities, and impact of genetic variation","volume":"138","author":"Zanger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2004.11.023","article-title":"Cytochrome P450 biosensors\u2014A review","volume":"20","author":"Bistolas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-nbt:20070005","article-title":"Amperometric responses of CYP2D6 drug metabolism nanobiosensor for sertraline: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor","volume":"1","author":"Iwuoha","year":"2007","journal-title":"IET Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/JNanoR.44.208","article-title":"An amperometric cytochrome P450-2D6 biosensor system for the detection of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) paroxetine and fluvoxamine","volume":"44","author":"Ajayi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nano Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2021.101957","article-title":"The role of monoamine oxidase enzymes in the pathophysiology of neurological disorders","volume":"114","author":"Jones","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Chem. Neuroanat."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-019-05129-3","article-title":"The cellular and molecular basis of major depressive disorder: Towards a unified model for understanding clinical depression","volume":"47","author":"Pitsillou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.3109\/00207454.2010.483651","article-title":"Classical neurotransmitters and neuropeptides involved in major depression: A review","volume":"120","author":"Werner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2018.10.032","article-title":"Selegiline ameliorates depression-like behaviors in rodents and modulates hippocampal dopaminergic transmission and synaptic plasticity","volume":"359","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2017.06.079","article-title":"Biosensor for the characterisation of hMAO B inhibitors and the quantification of selegiline","volume":"174","author":"Aigner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1134\/S002016851614003X","article-title":"Carbon nanomaterials as electrode surface modifiers in development of amperometric monoamino oxidase biosensors","volume":"52","author":"Brusnitsyn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inorg. Mater."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.200390014","article-title":"Electroimmobilization of MAO into a polypyrrole film and its utilization for amperometric flow detection of antidepressant drugs","volume":"15","author":"Vela","year":"2003","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1134\/S1061934808030155","article-title":"An amperometric monoamine oxidase biosensor for determining some antidepressants","volume":"63","author":"Medyantseva","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1134\/S106193481505010X","article-title":"Capabilities of amperometric monoamine oxidase biosensors based on screen-printed graphite electrodes modified with multiwall carbon nanotubes in the determination of some antidepressants","volume":"70","author":"Medyantseva","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1134\/S1070427215010073","article-title":"Effect of nanostructured materials as electrode surface modifiers on the analytical capacity of amperometric biosensors","volume":"88","author":"Medyantseva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Russ. J. Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1134\/S1061934817040086","article-title":"Surface modification of electrodes by carbon nanotubes and gold and silver nanoparticles in monoaminoxidase biosensors for the determination of some antidepressants","volume":"72","author":"Medyantseva","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1134\/S0020168519140103","article-title":"Nanostructured Composites Based on Graphene and Cobalt Nanoparticles in Monoamine Oxidase Biosensors for Determining Antidepressants","volume":"55","author":"Medyantseva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inorg. Mater."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/10\/8480\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:32:02Z","timestamp":1760124722000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/10\/8480"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,9]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms24108480"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24108480","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,9]]}}}