{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:11:25Z","timestamp":1760148685860,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,22]],"date-time":"2023-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684713600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"national funds","award":["UIDB\/04585\/2020","332821690","HIV\/SAU\/0008.11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04585\/2020","332821690","HIV\/SAU\/0008.11"]}]},{"name":"FCT and Aga Khan Development Network (AKDN)\u2014Portugal Collaborative Research Network","award":["UIDB\/04585\/2020","332821690","HIV\/SAU\/0008.11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04585\/2020","332821690","HIV\/SAU\/0008.11"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health","award":["UIDB\/04585\/2020","332821690","HIV\/SAU\/0008.11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04585\/2020","332821690","HIV\/SAU\/0008.11"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The development of immunogens that elicit broadly reactive neutralising antibodies (bNAbs) is the highest priority for an HIV vaccine. We have shown that a prime-boost vaccination strategy with vaccinia virus expressing the envelope glycoprotein gp120 of HIV-2 and a polypeptide comprising the envelope regions C2, V3 and C3 elicits bNAbs against HIV-2. We hypothesised that a chimeric envelope gp120 containing the C2, V3 and C3 regions of HIV-2 and the remaining parts of HIV-1 would elicit a neutralising response against HIV-1 and HIV-2. This chimeric envelope was synthesised and expressed in vaccinia virus. Balb\/c mice primed with the recombinant vaccinia virus and boosted with an HIV-2 C2V3C3 polypeptide or monomeric gp120 from a CRF01_AG HIV-1 isolate produced antibodies that neutralised &gt;60% (serum dilution 1:40) of a primary HIV-2 isolate. Four out of nine mice also produced antibodies that neutralised at least one HIV-1 isolate. Neutralising epitope specificity was assessed using a panel of HIV-1 TRO.11 pseudoviruses with key neutralising epitopes disrupted by alanine substitution (N160A in V2; N278A in the CD4 binding site region; N332A in the high mannose patch). The neutralisation of the mutant pseudoviruses was reduced or abolished in one mouse, suggesting that neutralising antibodies target the three major neutralising epitopes in the HIV-1 envelope gp120. These results provide proof of concept for chimeric HIV-1\/HIV-2 envelope glycoproteins as vaccine immunogens that can direct the antibody response against neutralising epitopes in the HIV-1 and HIV-2 surface glycoproteins.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24109077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,22]],"date-time":"2023-05-22T03:57:32Z","timestamp":1684727852000},"page":"9077","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An HIV-1\/HIV-2 Chimeric Envelope Glycoprotein Generates Binding and Neutralising Antibodies against HIV-1 and HIV-2 Isolates"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0176-5585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno","family":"Taveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Egas Moniz School of Health and Science, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Figueiredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Egas Moniz School of Health and Science, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Calado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2022-8921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00eas","family":"B\u00e1rtolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 M.","family":"Marcelino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Egas Moniz School of Health and Science, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1949-9484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Borrego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Public Administration and Public Policies, Institute of Social and Political Sciences, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-663 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1501-9479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidade de Microbiologia M\u00e9dica, Sa\u00fade Global e Medicina Tropical, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1099-085 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4098-5433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena","family":"Barroso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Egas Moniz School of Health and Science, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Faria, N.R., Esbj\u00f6rnsson, J., and Lemey, P. (2013). Encyclopedia of AIDS, Springer Science."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hope, T.J., Stevenson, M., and Richman, D. (2016). Encyclopedia of AIDS, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-9610-6"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2023, May 12). UNAIDS Global HIV & AIDS Statistics\u2014Fact Sheet. Available online: https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/resources\/fact-sheet."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e633","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(21)00152-1","article-title":"Global, regional, and national sex-specific burden and control of the HIV epidemic, 1990\u20132019, for 204 countries and territories: The Global Burden of Diseases Study 2019","volume":"8","author":"Collaborators","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Lay, P.R., Benzaken, A., Karim, Q.A., Aliyu, S., Amole, C., Ayala, G., Chalkidou, K., Chang, J., Clayton, M., and Couto, A. (2021). Ending AIDS as a public health threat by 2030: Time to reset targets for 2025. PLoS Med., 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003649"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2021.101470","article-title":"HIV vaccinology: 2021 update","volume":"51","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Landais, E., Huang, X., Havenar-Daughton, C., Murrell, B., Price, M.A., Wickramasinghe, L., Ramos, A., Bian, C.B., Simek, M., and Allen, S. (2016). Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Responses in a Large Longitudinal Sub-Saharan HIV Primary Infection Cohort. PLoS Pathog., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005369"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46308","DOI":"10.1038\/srep46308","article-title":"Profiling the neutralizing antibody response in chronically HIV-1 CRF07_BC-infected intravenous drug users naive to antiretroviral therapy","volume":"7","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4187","article-title":"Determinants of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibody induction","volume":"22","author":"Rusert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12623","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01705-14","article-title":"Impact of clade, geography, and age of the epidemic on HIV-1 neutralization by antibodies","volume":"88","author":"Hraber","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11502","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.05363-11","article-title":"Polyclonal B cell responses to conserved neutralization epitopes in a subset of HIV-1-infected individuals","volume":"85","author":"Tomaras","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7337","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00110-09","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 elite neutralizers: Individuals with broad and potent neutralizing activity identified by using a high-throughput neutralization assay together with an analytical selection algorithm","volume":"83","author":"Simek","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.02.003","article-title":"Vaccine Elicitation of High Mannose-Dependent Neutralizing Antibodies against the V3-Glycan Broadly Neutralizing Epitope in Nonhuman Primates","volume":"18","author":"Saunders","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.12.028","article-title":"Vaccine Induction of Heterologous Tier 2 HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies in Animal Models","volume":"21","author":"Saunders","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31364-3","article-title":"Evaluation of a mosaic HIV-1 vaccine in a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1\/2a clinical trial (APPROACH) and in rhesus monkeys (NHP 13-19)","volume":"392","author":"Barouch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0042-6","article-title":"Epitope-based vaccine design yields fusion peptide-directed antibodies that neutralize diverse strains of HIV-1","volume":"24","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.05.002","article-title":"Interdomain Stabilization Impairs CD4 Binding and Improves Immunogenicity of the HIV-1 Envelope Trimer","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01529-18","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01529-18","article-title":"Priming with a Potent HIV-1 DNA Vaccine Frames the Quality of Immune Responses prior to a Poxvirus and Protein Boost","volume":"93","author":"Asbach","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.10.008","article-title":"Vaccination with Glycan-Modified HIV NFL Envelope Trimer-Liposomes Elicits Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies to Multiple Sites of Vulnerability","volume":"51","author":"Dubrovskaya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1250-z","article-title":"Immunization expands B cells specific to HIV-1 V3 glycan in mice and macaques","volume":"570","author":"Escolano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Francica, J.R., Laga, R., Lynn, G.M., Muzikova, G., Androvic, L., Aussedat, B., Walkowicz, W.E., Padhan, K., Ramirez-Valdez, R.A., and Parks, R. (2019). Star nanoparticles delivering HIV-1 peptide minimal immunogens elicit near-native envelope antibody responses in nonhuman primates. PLoS Biol., 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000328"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calado, R., Duarte, J., Borrego, P., Marcelino, J.M., Bartolo, I., Martin, F., Figueiredo, I., Almeida, S., Graca, L., and Vitor, J. (2020). A Prime-Boost Immunization Strategy with Vaccinia Virus Expressing Novel gp120 Envelope Glycoprotein from a CRF02_AG Isolate Elicits Cross-Clade Tier 2 HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies. Vaccines, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8020171"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-022-00753-w","article-title":"Strategies for HIV-1 vaccines that induce broadly neutralizing antibodies","volume":"23","author":"Haynes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3158","article-title":"Antibody responses to envelope glycoproteins in HIV-1 infection","volume":"16","author":"Burton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-080219-023629","article-title":"Vaccines and Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies for HIV-1 Prevention","volume":"38","author":"Stephenson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2031499","article-title":"Vaccine Efficacy of ALVAC-HIV and Bivalent Subtype C gp120-MF59 in Adults","volume":"384","author":"Gray","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanders, R.W., Derking, R., Cupo, A., Julien, J.P., Yasmeen, A., de Val, N., Kim, H.J., Blattner, C., de la Pena, A.T., and Korzun, J. (2013). A next-generation cleaved, soluble HIV-1 Env trimer, BG505 SOSIP.664 gp140, expresses multiple epitopes for broadly neutralizing but not non-neutralizing antibodies. PLoS Pathog., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003618"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11947","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1507793112","article-title":"Design and structure of two HIV-1 clade C SOSIP.664 trimers that increase the arsenal of native-like Env immunogens","volume":"112","author":"Julien","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"aac4223","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aac4223","article-title":"HIV-1 VACCINES. HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies induced by native-like envelope trimers","volume":"349","author":"Sanders","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3380","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03473-14","article-title":"A native-like SOSIP.664 trimer based on an HIV-1 subtype B env gene","volume":"89","author":"Pugach","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2234","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01574-5","article-title":"A multiclade env-gag VLP mRNA vaccine elicits tier-2 HIV-1-neutralizing antibodies and reduces the risk of heterologous SHIV infection in macaques","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabk1533","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abk1533","article-title":"Sequential immunization of macaques elicits heterologous neutralizing antibodies targeting the V3-glycan patch of HIV-1 Env","volume":"13","author":"Escolano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000556","article-title":"Neutralizing antibodies for HIV-1 prevention","volume":"14","author":"Julg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000475","article-title":"Broadly neutralizing antibodies for treatment and prevention of HIV-1 infection","volume":"13","author":"Cohen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690017","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.690017","article-title":"Advancing HIV Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies: From Discovery to the Clinic","volume":"9","author":"Spencer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7252","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.2c07933","article-title":"An Overview of Human Anti-HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies against Diverse Epitopes of HIV-1","volume":"8","author":"Kumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.04.029","article-title":"HIV-1 Vaccines Based on Antibody Identification, B Cell Ontogeny, and Epitope Structure","volume":"48","author":"Kwong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e62648","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.62648","article-title":"Distinct clonal evolution of B-cells in HIV controllers with neutralizing antibody breadth","volume":"10","author":"Cizmeci","year":"2021","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2016.08.010","article-title":"Hiv-2 molecular epidemiology","volume":"46","author":"Visseaux","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"44","article-title":"HIV Interaction With Human Host: HIV-2 As a Model of a Less Virulent Infection","volume":"18","year":"2016","journal-title":"AIDS Rev."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ceccarelli, G., Giovanetti, M., Sagnelli, C., Ciccozzi, A., d\u2019Ettorre, G., Angeletti, S., Borsetti, A., and Ciccozzi, M. (2021). Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2: The Neglected Threat. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10111377"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2593","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200312050-00006","article-title":"Factors associated with clinical progression in HIV-2 infected-patients: The French ANRS cohort","volume":"17","author":"Matheron","year":"2003","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(18)30254-6","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of HIV-2-related AIDS and mortality in Guinea-Bissau: A prospective open cohort study","volume":"6","author":"Esbjornsson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310rv7","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aac7732","article-title":"Immune correlates of vaccine protection against HIV-1 acquisition","volume":"7","author":"Corey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-091014-090749","article-title":"Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Against HIV: New Insights to Inform Vaccine Design","volume":"67","author":"Sadanand","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000442","article-title":"Neutralization tiers of HIV-1","volume":"13","author":"Montefiori","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12429","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01102-10","article-title":"Potent and broadly reactive HIV-2 neutralizing antibodies elicited by a vaccinia virus vector prime-C2V3C3 polypeptide boost immunization strategy","volume":"84","author":"Marcelino","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mikell, I., Sather, D.N., Kalams, S.A., Altfeld, M., Alter, G., and Stamatatos, L. (2011). Characteristics of the earliest cross-neutralizing antibody response to HIV-1. PLoS Pathog., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/annotation\/8b3b24b5-d4ed-483a-b233-0a88513ad499"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328359a89d","article-title":"Resistance to antibody neutralization in HIV-2 infection occurs in late stage disease and is associated with X4 tropism","volume":"26","author":"Marcelino","year":"2012","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2431","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001661","article-title":"Potency of HIV-2-specific antibodies increase in direct association with loss of memory B cells","volume":"31","author":"Rocha","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-10-110","article-title":"Evolution of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 envelope in the first years of infection is associated with the dynamics of the neutralizing antibody response","volume":"10","author":"Rocha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1207227","article-title":"Sequence and structural convergence of broad and potent HIV antibodies that mimic CD4 binding","volume":"333","author":"Scheid","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.1.642-658.2003","article-title":"Fine mapping of the interaction of neutralizing and nonneutralizing monoclonal antibodies with the CD4 binding site of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120","volume":"77","author":"Pantophlet","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1997.8547","article-title":"A human IgG1 (b12) specific for the CD4 binding site of HIV-1 neutralizes by inhibiting the virus fusion entry process, but b12 Fab neutralizes by inhibiting a postfusion event","volume":"233","author":"McInerney","year":"1997","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(92)91199-5","article-title":"Amino acid residues of the human immunodeficiency virus type I gp120 critical for the binding of rat and human neutralizing antibodies that block the gp120-sCD4 interaction","volume":"190","author":"McKeating","year":"1992","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2112","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02678-15","article-title":"Structure of an HIV-2 gp120 in Complex with CD4","volume":"90","author":"Davenport","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yusim, K., Korber, B.T., Brander, C., Barouch, D., de Boer, R., Haynes, B.F., Koup, R., Moore, J.P., Walker, B.D., and Watkins, D. (2016). HIV Molecular Immunology 2015.","DOI":"10.2172\/1248095"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2004.20.1254","article-title":"The cross-clade neutralizing activity of a human monoclonal antibody is determined by the GPGR V3 motif of HIV type 1","volume":"20","author":"Zhong","year":"2004","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retrovir."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7538","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.66.12.7538-7542.1992","article-title":"Neutralization of diverse human immunodeficiency virus type 1 variants by an anti-V3 human monoclonal antibody","volume":"66","author":"Gorny","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20042510","article-title":"Antigenic conservation and immunogenicity of the HIV coreceptor binding site","volume":"201","author":"Decker","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20161765","article-title":"Progress toward active or passive HIV-1 vaccination","volume":"214","author":"Escolano","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-5-78","article-title":"The role of the humoral immune response in the molecular evolution of the envelope C2, V3 and C3 regions in chronically HIV-2 infected patients","volume":"5","author":"Borrego","year":"2008","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1038\/nsmb.2594","article-title":"Supersite of immune vulnerability on the glycosylated face of HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120","volume":"20","author":"Kong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.ai.2019.08.002","article-title":"Antibody responses to the HIV-1 envelope high mannose patch","volume":"143","author":"Daniels","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236ra63","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3008104","article-title":"Promiscuous glycan site recognition by antibodies to the high-mannose patch of gp120 broadens neutralization of HIV","volume":"6","author":"Sok","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.1994.10.223","article-title":"Molecular characterization of the env gene from a non-syncytium-inducing HIV-2 isolate (HIV-2ALI)","volume":"10","author":"Taveira","year":"1994","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retrovir."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4285","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/18.14.4285","article-title":"New vaccinia virus recombination plasmids incorporating a synthetic late promoter for high level expression of foreign proteins","volume":"18","author":"Davison","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"493","article-title":"A simple method of estimating fifty percent endpoints","volume":"27","author":"Reed","year":"1938","journal-title":"Am. J. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10903","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.23.10903-10910.2000","article-title":"Glycoprotein exchange vectors based on vesicular stomatitis virus allow effective boosting and generation of neutralizing antibodies to a primary isolate of human immunodeficiency virus type 1","volume":"74","author":"Rose","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2009.10.044","article-title":"Epitopes for broad and potent neutralizing antibody responses during chronic infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1","volume":"396","author":"Nandi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001038","article-title":"Broadly neutralizing antibody specificities detected in the genital tract of HIV-1 infected women","volume":"30","author":"Mkhize","year":"2016","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2489","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02853-13","article-title":"Global panel of HIV-1 Env reference strains for standardized assessments of vaccine-elicited neutralizing antibodies","volume":"88","author":"deCamp","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/10\/9077\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:39:44Z","timestamp":1760125184000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/10\/9077"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,22]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms24109077"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24109077","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1422-0067"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,22]]}}}