{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T03:17:36Z","timestamp":1775445456669,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,24]],"date-time":"2023-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687564800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"COMPETE 2020 Program","award":["FEDER funds"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FEDER funds"]}]},{"name":"COMPETE 2020 Program","award":["LISBOA-01-0247-FEDER-039985\/POCI-01-0247-FEDER-039985"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LISBOA-01-0247-FEDER-039985\/POCI-01-0247-FEDER-039985"]}]},{"name":"COMPETE 2020 Program","award":["LA\/P\/0037\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0037\/2020"]}]},{"name":"COMPETE 2020 Program","award":["UIDP\/50025\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50025\/2020"]}]},{"name":"COMPETE 2020 Program","award":["UIDB\/50025\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50025\/2020"]}]},{"name":"COMPETE 2020 Program","award":["UIDP\/04378\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04378\/2020"]}]},{"name":"COMPETE 2020 Program","award":["UIDB\/04378\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04378\/2020"]}]},{"name":"COMPETE 2020 Program","award":["LA\/P\/0140\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0140\/2020"]}]},{"name":"COMPETE 2020 Program","award":["SFRH\/BD\/148233\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/148233\/2019"]}]},{"name":"COMPETE 2020 Program","award":["UI\/DB\/151287\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/DB\/151287\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory Institute of Nanostructures, Nanomodelling and Nanofabrication\u2014i3N","award":["FEDER funds"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FEDER funds"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory Institute of Nanostructures, Nanomodelling and Nanofabrication\u2014i3N","award":["LISBOA-01-0247-FEDER-039985\/POCI-01-0247-FEDER-039985"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LISBOA-01-0247-FEDER-039985\/POCI-01-0247-FEDER-039985"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory Institute of Nanostructures, Nanomodelling and Nanofabrication\u2014i3N","award":["LA\/P\/0037\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0037\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory Institute of Nanostructures, Nanomodelling and Nanofabrication\u2014i3N","award":["UIDP\/50025\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50025\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory Institute of Nanostructures, Nanomodelling and Nanofabrication\u2014i3N","award":["UIDB\/50025\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50025\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory Institute of Nanostructures, Nanomodelling and Nanofabrication\u2014i3N","award":["UIDP\/04378\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04378\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory Institute of Nanostructures, Nanomodelling and Nanofabrication\u2014i3N","award":["UIDB\/04378\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04378\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory Institute of Nanostructures, Nanomodelling and Nanofabrication\u2014i3N","award":["LA\/P\/0140\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0140\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory Institute of Nanostructures, Nanomodelling and Nanofabrication\u2014i3N","award":["SFRH\/BD\/148233\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/148233\/2019"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory Institute of Nanostructures, Nanomodelling and Nanofabrication\u2014i3N","award":["UI\/DB\/151287\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/DB\/151287\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences\u2014UCIBIO","award":["FEDER funds"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FEDER funds"]}]},{"name":"Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences\u2014UCIBIO","award":["LISBOA-01-0247-FEDER-039985\/POCI-01-0247-FEDER-039985"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LISBOA-01-0247-FEDER-039985\/POCI-01-0247-FEDER-039985"]}]},{"name":"Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences\u2014UCIBIO","award":["LA\/P\/0037\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0037\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences\u2014UCIBIO","award":["UIDP\/50025\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50025\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences\u2014UCIBIO","award":["UIDB\/50025\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50025\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences\u2014UCIBIO","award":["UIDP\/04378\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04378\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences\u2014UCIBIO","award":["UIDB\/04378\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04378\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences\u2014UCIBIO","award":["LA\/P\/0140\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0140\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences\u2014UCIBIO","award":["SFRH\/BD\/148233\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/148233\/2019"]}]},{"name":"Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences\u2014UCIBIO","award":["UI\/DB\/151287\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/DB\/151287\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory Institute for Health and Bioeconomy\u2014i4HB","award":["FEDER funds"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FEDER funds"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory Institute for Health and Bioeconomy\u2014i4HB","award":["LISBOA-01-0247-FEDER-039985\/POCI-01-0247-FEDER-039985"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LISBOA-01-0247-FEDER-039985\/POCI-01-0247-FEDER-039985"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory Institute for Health and Bioeconomy\u2014i4HB","award":["LA\/P\/0037\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0037\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory Institute for Health and Bioeconomy\u2014i4HB","award":["UIDP\/50025\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50025\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory Institute for Health and Bioeconomy\u2014i4HB","award":["UIDB\/50025\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50025\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory Institute for Health and Bioeconomy\u2014i4HB","award":["UIDP\/04378\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04378\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory Institute for Health and Bioeconomy\u2014i4HB","award":["UIDB\/04378\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04378\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory Institute for Health and Bioeconomy\u2014i4HB","award":["LA\/P\/0140\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0140\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory Institute for Health and Bioeconomy\u2014i4HB","award":["SFRH\/BD\/148233\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/148233\/2019"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory Institute for Health and Bioeconomy\u2014i4HB","award":["UI\/DB\/151287\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/DB\/151287\/2021"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["FEDER funds"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FEDER funds"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["LISBOA-01-0247-FEDER-039985\/POCI-01-0247-FEDER-039985"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LISBOA-01-0247-FEDER-039985\/POCI-01-0247-FEDER-039985"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["LA\/P\/0037\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0037\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDP\/50025\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50025\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDB\/50025\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50025\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDP\/04378\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04378\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDB\/04378\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04378\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["LA\/P\/0140\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0140\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["SFRH\/BD\/148233\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/148233\/2019"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UI\/DB\/151287\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/DB\/151287\/2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Implantology is crucial for restoring aesthetics and masticatory function in oral rehabilitation. Despite its advantages, certain issues, such as bacterial infection, may still arise that hinder osseointegration and result in implant rejection. This work aims to address these challenges by developing a biomaterial for dental implant coating based on 45S5 Bioglass\u00ae modified by zirconium insertion. The structural characterization of the glasses, by XRD, showed that the introduction of zirconium in the Bioglass network at a concentration higher than 2 mol% promotes phase separation, with crystal phase formation. Impedance spectroscopy was used, in the frequency range of 102\u2013106 Hz and the temperature range of 200\u2013400 K, to investigate the electrical properties of these Bioglasses, due to their ability to store electrical charges and therefore enhance the osseointegration capacity. The electrical study showed that the presence of crystal phases, in the glass ceramic with 8 mol% of zirconium, led to a significant increase in conductivity. In terms of biological properties, the Bioglasses exhibited an antibacterial effect against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and did not show cytotoxicity for the Saos-2 cell line at extract concentrations up to 25 mg\/mL. Furthermore, the results of the bioactivity test revealed that within 24 h, a CaP-rich layer began to form on the surface of all the samples. According to our results, the incorporation of 2 mol% of ZrO2 into the Bioglass significantly improves its potential as a coating material for dental implants, enhancing both its antibacterial and osteointegration properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241310571","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]],"date-time":"2023-06-26T01:42:32Z","timestamp":1687743752000},"page":"10571","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Bioactive Glass Modified with Zirconium Incorporation for Dental Implant Applications: Fabrication, Structural, Electrical, and Biological Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9007-2221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Imen","family":"Hammami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"I3N and Physics Department, Aveiro University, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6216-3735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00edlvia Rodrigues","family":"Gavinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"I3N and Physics Department, Aveiro University, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5707-9157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Sofia","family":"P\u00e1dua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"I3N-CENIMAT and Physics Department, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6665-7994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"S\u00e1-Nogueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"UCIBIO\u2014Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Life Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9959-4272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge Carvalho","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"I3N-CENIMAT and Physics Department, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3996-6545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Paulo","family":"Borges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"I3N-CENIMAT and Materials Science Department, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9039-2199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel Almeida","family":"Valente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"I3N and Physics Department, Aveiro University, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6858-9507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel Pedro Fernandes","family":"Gra\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"I3N and Physics Department, Aveiro University, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2023, January 26). Oral Health. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/oral-health."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-006-0432-z","article-title":"The Story of Bioglass\u00ae","volume":"17","author":"Hench","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hench, L.L. (2013). An Introduction to Bioceramics, Imperial College Press. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1142\/p884"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bano, S., Romero, A.R., Grant, D.M., Nommeots-Nomm, A., Scotchford, C., Ahmed, I., and Hussain, T. (2021). In-Vitro Cell Interaction and Apatite Forming Ability in Simulated Body Fluid of ICIE16 and 13-93 Bioactive Glass Coatings Deposited by an Emerging Suspension High Velocity Oxy Fuel (SHVOF) Thermal Spray. Surf. Coat. Technol., 407.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2020.126764"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al Mugeiren, O.M., and Baseer, M.A. (2019). Dental Implant Bioactive Surface Modifiers: An Update. J. Int. Soc. Prev. Community Dent., 9.","DOI":"10.4103\/jispcd.JISPCD_303_18"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"1","article-title":"Interactions between Bioactive Glass and Collagen: A Review and New Perspectives","volume":"49","author":"Hench","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Aust. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-008-3564-5","article-title":"Study on Antibacterial Effect of 45S5 Bioglass\u00ae","volume":"20","author":"Hu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Mashitah, M.D., San Chan, Y., and Jason, J. (2016). Nanobiomaterials in Antimicrobial Therapy, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2017.06.046","article-title":"Multifunctional Bioactive Glass and Glass-Ceramic Biomaterials with Antibacterial Properties for Repair and Regeneration of Bone Tissue","volume":"59","author":"Fernandes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2011.03.007","article-title":"The Effect of Zirconium Incorporation on the Physiochemical and Biological Properties of Mesoporous Bioactive Glasses Scaffolds","volume":"143","author":"Zhu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Microporous Mesoporous Mater."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hammami, I., Gavinho, S.R., P\u00e1dua, A.S., Gra\u00e7a, M.P.F., and Silva, J.C. (2022, January 17\u201318). Synthesis and Characterization of Iron Containing Bioactive Glass for Implants. Proceedings of the 2022 E-Health and Bioengineering Conference (EHB), Iasi, Romania.","DOI":"10.1109\/EHB55594.2022.9991451"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2447","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.36996","article-title":"Bioglass-Based Scaffolds Coated with Silver Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Processing and Antimicrobial Activity","volume":"108","author":"Oliveira","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45840","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA08145B","article-title":"Preparation and in Vitro Osteogenic, Angiogenic and Antibacterial Properties of Cuprorivaite (CaCuSi 4 O 10, Cup) Bioceramics","volume":"6","author":"Tian","year":"2016","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201302434","article-title":"Mechanisms of Antibacterial Activity of MgO: Non-ROS Mediated Toxicity of MgO Nanoparticles towards Escherichia Coli","volume":"10","author":"Leung","year":"2014","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hammami, I., Gavinho, S.R., P\u00e1dua, A.S., Lan\u00e7a, M.d.C., Borges, J.P., Silva, J.C., S\u00e1-Nogueira, I., Jakka, S.K., and Gra\u00e7a, M.P.F. (2023). Extensive Investigation on the Effect of Niobium Insertion on the Physical and Biological Properties of 45S5 Bioactive Glass for Dental Implant. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065244"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2011.09.016","article-title":"Chitosan Scaffolds Containing Silicon Dioxide and Zirconia Nano Particles for Bone Tissue Engineering","volume":"49","author":"Pattnaik","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2016.11.052","article-title":"Development of Bone-like Zirconium Oxide Nanoceramic Modified Chitosan Based Porous Nanocomposites for Biomedical Application","volume":"95","author":"Bhowmick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.37113","article-title":"Improvement of the Mechanical and Biological Properties of Bioactive Glasses by the Addition of Zirconium Oxide (ZrO2) as a Synthetic Bone Graft Substitute","volume":"109","author":"Kang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berm\u00fadez-Reyes, B., del Refugio Lara-Banda, M., Reyes-Zarate, E., Rojas-Mart\u00ednez, A., Camacho, A., Moncada-Saucedo, N., P\u00e9rez-Silos, V., Garc\u00eda-Ruiz, A., Guzm\u00e1n-L\u00f3pez, A., and Pe\u00f1a-Mart\u00ednez, V. (2018). Effect on Growth and Osteoblast Mineralization of Hydroxyapatite-Zirconia (HA-ZrO2) Obtained by a New Low Temperature System. Biomed. Mater., 13.","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-605X\/aaa3a4"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0501.2009.01797.x","article-title":"Response of Osteoblast-like SAOS-2 Cells to Zirconia Ceramics with Different Surface Topographies","volume":"21","author":"Hempel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implant. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1002\/term.3131","article-title":"Metal-Based Nanoparticles for Bone Tissue Engineering","volume":"14","author":"Jafari","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2017.06.039","article-title":"Synthesis and Characterization of ZrO2 Nanoparticles-Antimicrobial Activity and Their Prospective Role in Dental Care","volume":"110","author":"Fathima","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, P., Kumar, V., Kumar, R., Kumar, R., and Pruncu, C.I. (2020). Fabrication and Characterization of ZrO2 Incorporated SiO2\u2013CaO\u2013P2O5 Bioactive Glass Scaffolds. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater., 109.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2020.103854"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7105","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2012.6574","article-title":"Antimicrobial Activity of Zirconia (ZrO2) Nanoparticles and Zirconium Complexes","volume":"12","author":"Jangra","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gavinho, S.R., Gra\u00e7a, M.P.F., Prezas, P.R., Kumar, J.S., Melo, B.M.G., Sales, A.J.M., Almeida, A.F., and Valente, M.A. (2021). Structural, Thermal, Morphological and Dielectric Investigations on 45S5 Glass and Glass-Ceramics. J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 562.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnoncrysol.2021.120780"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnoncrysol.2017.01.040","article-title":"Characterization on Melt-Derived Bioactive Glass Powder from SiO2-CaO-Na2O-P2O5 System","volume":"462","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Non-Cryst. Solids"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2017.10.235","article-title":"Melt-Derived Bioactive Glass Based on SiO2-CaO-Na2O-P2O5 System Fabricated at Lower Melting Temperature","volume":"732","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Alloy. Compd."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miola, M., Vern\u00e9, E., Ciraldo, F.E., Cordero-Arias, L., and Boccaccini, A.R. (2015). Electrophoretic Deposition of Chitosan\/45S5 Bioactive Glass Composite Coatings Doped with Zn and Sr. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2015.00159"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2017.08.030","article-title":"Regenerating Bone with Bioactive Glass Scaffolds: A Review of in Vivo Studies in Bone Defect Models","volume":"62","author":"Roether","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1039\/b616539g","article-title":"Sintering, Crystallisation and Biodegradation Behaviour of Bioglass\u00ae-Derived Glass\u2013Ceramics","volume":"136","author":"Boccaccini","year":"2007","journal-title":"Faraday Discuss."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2016.06.095","article-title":"Structural Variations of Bioactive Glasses Obtained by Different Synthesis Routes","volume":"42","author":"Dziadek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bargavi, P., Chitra, S., Durgalakshmi, D., Radha, G., and Balakumar, S. (2020). Zirconia Reinforced Bio-Active Glass Coating by Spray Pyrolysis: Structure, Surface Topography, in-Vitro Biological Evaluation and Antibacterial Activities. Mater. Today Commun., 25.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2020.101253"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26174","DOI":"10.1039\/D1RA04560A","article-title":"Sulfated Zirconium Oxide-Decorated Magnetite KCC-1 as a Durable and Recyclable Adsorbent for the Efficient Removal of Asphaltene from Crude Oil","volume":"11","author":"Motavalizadehkakhky","year":"2021","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3093(98)00810-2","article-title":"A Catalyst-Free Approach for Sol\u2013Gel Synthesis of Highly Mixed ZrO2\u2013SiO2 Oxides","volume":"243","author":"Zhan","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Non-Cryst. Solids"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s10971-005-3213-0","article-title":"Silica-Zirconia Sol\u2013Gel Coatings Obtained by Different Synthesis Routes","volume":"35","author":"Castro","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1151-2916.2000.tb01418.x","article-title":"Chemical Interactions Promoting the ZrO2 Tetragonal Stabilization in ZrO2\u2013SiO2 Binary Oxides","volume":"83","author":"Larsen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solidstatesciences.2008.07.010","article-title":"NaNbO3 Crystals Dispersed in a B2O3 Glass Matrix\u2013Structural Characteristics versus Electrical and Dielectrical Properties","volume":"11","author":"Valente","year":"2009","journal-title":"Solid State Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnoncrysol.2007.03.033","article-title":"Electrical Characterization of SiO2: LiNbO3 Glass and Glass\u2013Ceramics Using Dc Conductivity, TSDC Measurements and Dielectric Spectroscopy","volume":"353","author":"Sombra","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Non-Cryst. Solids"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.10069","article-title":"Electrical Polarization of Bioactive Glass and Assessment of Their in Vitro Apatite Deposition","volume":"67","author":"Obata","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2945","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnoncrysol.2005.04.082","article-title":"The Modulus Formalism Used in the Dielectric Analysis of Hydroxyapatite and Calcium Phosphate with Titanium Formed by Dry Ball Milling","volume":"351","author":"Silva","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Non-Cryst. Solids"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-012-6956-3","article-title":"Fabrication and Characterization of ZrO2\u2013CaO\u2013P2O5\u2013Na2O\u2013SiO2 Bioactive Glass Ceramics","volume":"48","author":"Mondal","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moghanian, A., Zohourfazeli, M., and Tajer, M.H.M. (2020). The Effect of Zirconium Content on in Vitro Bioactivity, Biological Behavior and Antibacterial Activity of Sol-Gel Derived 58S Bioactive Glass. J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 546.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnoncrysol.2020.120262"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hohenbild, F., Arango-Ospina, M., Moghaddam, A., Boccaccini, A.R., and Westhauser, F. (2020). Preconditioning of Bioactive Glasses before Introduction to Static Cell Culture: What Is Really Necessary?. Methods Protoc., 3.","DOI":"10.3390\/mps3020038"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2018.05.019","article-title":"Tackling Bioactive Glass Excessive in Vitro Bioreactivity: Preconditioning Approaches for Cell Culture Tests","volume":"75","author":"Ciraldo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(00)00330-6","article-title":"Antibacterial Activity of Particulate Bioglass\u00ae against Supra-and Subgingival Bacteria","volume":"22","author":"Allan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drago, L., Toscano, M., and Bottagisio, M. (2018). Recent Evidence on Bioactive Glass Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activity: A Mini-Review. Materials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11020326"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7106","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.1c00097","article-title":"Mechanical Biocompatibility, Osteogenic Activity, and Antibacterial Efficacy of Calcium Silicate\u2013Zirconia Biocomposites","volume":"6","author":"Ding","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2015.06.033","article-title":"Antimicrobial Efficacy of Green Synthesized Drug Blended Silver Nanoparticles against Dental Caries and Periodontal Disease Causing Microorganisms","volume":"56","author":"Emmanuel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13558","DOI":"10.1039\/D1CC04847C","article-title":"Self-Crystallisation, an Unexpected Property of 45S5 Bioglass\u00ae","volume":"57","author":"Vukajlovic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3130","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-3773(20020902)41:17<3130::AID-ANIE3130>3.0.CO;2-1","article-title":"Biological and Medical Significance of Calcium Phosphates","volume":"41","author":"Dorozhkin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2013.09.016","article-title":"The Effect of Crystallization of Bioactive Bioglass 45S5 on Apatite Formation and Degradation","volume":"29","author":"Plewinski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maximov, M., Maximov, O.-C., Craciun, L., Ficai, D., Ficai, A., and Andronescu, E. (2021). Bioactive Glass\u2014An Extensive Study of the Preparation and Coating Methods. Coatings, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings11111386"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcata.2019.04.034","article-title":"Influence of Ca\/P Ratio on the Catalytic Performance of Ni\/Hydroxyapatite Samples in Dry Reforming of Methane","volume":"580","author":"Boukha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. A Gen."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2018.12.071","article-title":"Synthesis of Calcium-Deficient Hydroxyapatite Nanowires and Nanotubes Performed by Template-Assisted Electrodeposition","volume":"98","author":"Beaufils","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Mallawany, R.A. (2014). Tellurite Glasses Handbook: Physical Properties and Data, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420042085"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feroci, M. (2011). Investigation of the Role of Electrogenerated N-Heterocyclic Carbene in the Staudinger Synthesis in Ionic Liquid. Int. J. Org. Chem., 1.","DOI":"10.4236\/ijoc.2011.14028"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physb.2007.03.009","article-title":"Electric and Dielectric Properties of a SiO2\u2013Na2O\u2013Nb2O5 Glass Subject to a Controlled Heat-Treatment Process","volume":"396","author":"Sombra","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phys. B Condens. Matter"},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Macdonald, J. (1987). Impedance Spectroscopy, John Wiley & Sons Inc."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hammami, I., Benhamou, K., Hammami, H., SoretoTeixeira, S., Arous, M., Kaddami, H., Gra\u00e7a, M.P.F., and Costa, L.C. (2020). Electrical, Morphology and Structural Properties of Biodegradable Nanocomposite Polyvinyl-Acetate\/Cellulose Nanocrystals. Mater. Chem. Phys., 240.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2019.122182"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vieira, T., Silva, J.C., do Rego, A.B., Borges, J.P., and Henriques, C. (2019). Electrospun Biodegradable Chitosan Based-Poly (Urethane Urea) Scaffolds for Soft Tissue Engineering. Mater. Sci. Eng. C, 103.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2019.109819"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/13\/10571\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:59:40Z","timestamp":1760126380000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/13\/10571"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,24]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms241310571"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms241310571","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,24]]}}}