{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T04:37:27Z","timestamp":1768451847132,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]],"date-time":"2023-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687824000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Funds through FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["UIDB\/4255\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/4255\/2020"]}]},{"name":"National Funds through FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["LA\/P\/0053\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0053\/2020"]}]},{"name":"RISE, Associated Laboratory","award":["UIDB\/4255\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/4255\/2020"]}]},{"name":"RISE, Associated Laboratory","award":["LA\/P\/0053\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0053\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In assessing and managing pain, when obtaining a self-report is impossible, therapeutic decision-making becomes more challenging. This study aimed to investigate whether monocytes and some membrane monocyte proteins, identified as a cluster of differentiation (CD), could be potential non-invasive peripheral biomarkers in identifying and characterizing pain in patients with severe dementia. We used 53 blood samples from non-oncological palliative patients, 44 patients with pain (38 of whom had dementia) and 0 without pain or dementia (controls). We evaluated the levels of monocytes and their subtypes, including classic, intermediate, and non-classic, and characterized the levels of specific phenotypic markers, namely CD11c, CD86, CD163, and CD206. We found that the relative concentrations of monocytes, particularly the percentage of classic monocytes, may be a helpful pain biomarker. Furthermore, the CD11c expression levels were significantly higher in patients with mixed pain, while CD163 and CD206 expression levels were significantly higher in patients with nociceptive pain. These findings suggest that the levels of monocytes, particularly the classic subtype, and their phenotype markers CD11c, CD163, and CD206 could serve as pain biomarkers in patients with severe dementia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241310723","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]],"date-time":"2023-06-28T00:25:21Z","timestamp":1687911921000},"page":"10723","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Monocytes in the Characterization of Pain in Palliative Patients with Severe Dementia\u2014A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6623-7420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Community Support Team in Palliative Care\u2014Group of Health Centers Gaia, 4400-043 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University do Porto, 4200-219 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-304 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR)\u2014Group of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), FMUC, 3004-304 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), 3004-304 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2599-6433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-304 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR)\u2014Group of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), FMUC, 3004-304 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), 3004-304 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory of Oncobiology and Hematology (LOH), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, University Clinics of Hematology and Oncology, 3004-304 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0755-8077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Jorge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-304 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR)\u2014Group of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), FMUC, 3004-304 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), 3004-304 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory of Oncobiology and Hematology (LOH), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, University Clinics of Hematology and Oncology, 3004-304 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1470-4802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Cristina","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-304 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR)\u2014Group of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), FMUC, 3004-304 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), 3004-304 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory of Oncobiology and Hematology (LOH), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, University Clinics of Hematology and Oncology, 3004-304 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4142-4841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Bela","family":"Sarmento-Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-304 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR)\u2014Group of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), FMUC, 3004-304 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), 3004-304 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory of Oncobiology and Hematology (LOH), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, University Clinics of Hematology and Oncology, 3004-304 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Hematology Service, Centro Hospitalar e Universit\u00e1rio de Coimbra (CHUC), 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2793-2129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Teixeira-Ver\u00edssimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-304 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Hematology Service, Centro Hospitalar e Universit\u00e1rio de Coimbra (CHUC), 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2585-200X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Paulo","family":"Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-219 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Unit of Anatomy, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-219 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00edlia","family":"Dourado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-304 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR)\u2014Group of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), FMUC, 3004-304 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), 3004-304 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2017.08.002","article-title":"The Role of Pain Classification Systems in Pain Management","volume":"29","author":"Orr","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. 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