{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:21:48Z","timestamp":1760149308519,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":262,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,24]],"date-time":"2023-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690156800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional (FEDER) funds","award":["IF\/00092\/2014\/CP1255\/CT0004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IF\/00092\/2014\/CP1255\/CT0004"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese funds through Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["IF\/00092\/2014\/CP1255\/CT0004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IF\/00092\/2014\/CP1255\/CT0004"]}]},{"name":"CHAIR in Onco-Innovation from Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto (FMUP)","award":["IF\/00092\/2014\/CP1255\/CT0004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IF\/00092\/2014\/CP1255\/CT0004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Over the years, cancer has been affecting the lives of many people globally and it has become one of the most studied diseases. Despite the efforts to understand the cell mechanisms behind this complex disease, not every patient seems to respond to targeted therapies or immunotherapies. Drug resistance in cancer is one of the limiting factors contributing to unsuccessful therapies; therefore, understanding how cancer cells acquire this resistance is essential to help cure individuals affected by cancer. Recently, the altered microbiome was observed to be an important hallmark of cancer and therefore it represents a promising topic of cancer research. Our review aims to provide a global perspective of some cancer hallmarks, for instance how genetic and epigenetic modifications may be caused by an altered human microbiome. We also provide information on how an altered human microbiome can lead to cancer development as well as how the microbiome can influence drug resistance and ultimately targeted therapies. This may be useful to develop alternatives for cancer treatment, i.e., future personalized medicine that can help in cases where traditional cancer treatment is unsuccessful.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241411855","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]],"date-time":"2023-07-25T01:21:27Z","timestamp":1690248087000},"page":"11855","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["How Can the Microbiome Induce Carcinogenesis and Modulate Drug Resistance in Cancer Therapy?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3028-8143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Mendes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"OncoPharma Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Pl\u00e1cido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Edif\u00edcio de Geoci\u00eancias, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1283-1042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno","family":"Vale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"OncoPharma Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Pl\u00e1cido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Pl\u00e1cido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200358","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.200358","article-title":"Hallmarks of cancer-the new testament","volume":"11","author":"Senga","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-24100-1_1","article-title":"Pharmaco-Geno-Proteo-Metabolomics and Translational Research in Cancer","volume":"Volume 1168","year":"2019","journal-title":"Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21654","article-title":"Cancer Statistics","volume":"71","author":"Siegel","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-7435-1_6","article-title":"MicroRNAs Change the Landscape of Cancer Resistance","volume":"Volume 1699","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Methods in Molecular Biology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.025742","article-title":"Concerning the origin of malignant tumours by Theodor Boveri. Translated and annotated by Henry Harris","volume":"121","author":"Boveri","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"18","article-title":"The epigenotype","volume":"1","author":"Waddington","year":"1942","journal-title":"Endeavour"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1038\/301089a0","article-title":"Hypomethylation distinguishes genes of some human cancers from their normal counter-parts","volume":"301","author":"Feinberg","year":"1983","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3310230","article-title":"The inheritance of epigenetic defects","volume":"238","author":"Holliday","year":"1987","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00286709","article-title":"Epigenetic changes may contribute to the formation and spontaneous regression of retinoblastoma","volume":"83","author":"Greger","year":"1989","journal-title":"Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2006.04.020","article-title":"Specific activation of microRNA-127 with downregulation of the proto-oncogene BCL6 by chromatin-modifying drugs in human cancer cells","volume":"9","author":"Saito","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.2217\/epi.10.2","article-title":"Hypomethylation of repeated DNA sequences in cancer","volume":"2","author":"Ross","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epigenomics"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.10.006","article-title":"The interaction between smoking, alcohol and the gut microbiome","volume":"31","author":"Capurso","year":"2017","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-315537","article-title":"Integrative analysis of exogenous, endogenous, tumour and immune factors for precision medicine","volume":"67","author":"Ogino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2017.08.001","article-title":"Microbiota dysbiosis in select human cancers: Evidence of association and causality","volume":"32","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2018.03.015","article-title":"The Influence of the Gut Microbiome on Cancer, Immunity, and Cancer Immunotherapy","volume":"33","author":"Gopalakrishnan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2018.02.003","article-title":"Understanding the microbiome: Emerging biomarkers for exploiting the microbiota for personalized medicine against cancer","volume":"52","author":"Rajpoot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nux062","article-title":"Interindividual variability in gut microbiota and host response to dietary interventions","volume":"75","author":"Healey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0620-2","article-title":"The human gut microbiome in early-onset type 1 diabetes from the TEDDY study","volume":"562","author":"Vatanen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2654","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30354-3","article-title":"Gastric cancer","volume":"388","author":"Sagaert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30010-2","article-title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"391","author":"Forner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1615896","article-title":"HIV-Associated Cancers and Related Diseases","volume":"378","author":"Yarchoan","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc.2018.11","article-title":"The molecular landscape of head and neck cancer","volume":"18","author":"Leemans","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2017.08.006","article-title":"Epidemiology and burden of HPV-related disease","volume":"47","author":"Serrano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(14)70202-5","article-title":"Human T-cell leukaemia virus type I and adult T-cell leukaemia-lymphoma","volume":"15","author":"Ishitsuka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.02.102","article-title":"Carcinogenesis mechanisms of Fusobacterium nucleatum","volume":"89","author":"Gholizadeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2015.1377","article-title":"Fusobacterium nucleatum and T Cells in Colorectal Carcinoma","volume":"1","author":"Mima","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2018.08.045","article-title":"The Gut Microbiome in Pancreatic Disease","volume":"17","author":"Akshintala","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-315084","article-title":"Gut microbiome analysis as a tool towards targeted non-invasive biomarkers for early hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"68","author":"Ren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3610","article-title":"The microbiome and cancer","volume":"13","author":"Schwabe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa4972","article-title":"Cancer and the microbiota","volume":"348","author":"Garrett","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-16-0249","article-title":"The Human Microbiome and Cancer","volume":"10","author":"Rajagopala","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Prev. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2013-305178","article-title":"Gastric colonisation with a restricted commensal microbiota replicates the promotion of neoplastic lesions by diverse intestinal microbiota in the Helicobacter pylori INS-GAS mouse model of gastric carcinogenesis","volume":"63","author":"Lertpiriyapong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sevcikova, A., Izoldova, N., Stevurkova, V., Kasperova, B., Chovanec, M., Ciernikova, S., and Mego, M. (2022). The Impact of the Microbiome on Resistance to Cancer Treatment with Chemotherapeutic Agents and Immunotherapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23010488"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1946.02870380008004","article-title":"Nitrogen mustard therapy; use of methyl-bis (beta-chloroethyl) amine hydrochloride and tris (beta-chloroethyl) amine hydrochloride for Hodgkin\u2019s disease, lymphosarcoma, leukemia and certain allied and miscellaneous disorders","volume":"132","author":"Goodman","year":"1946","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM194806032382301","article-title":"Temporary remissions in acute leukemia in children produced by folic acid antagonist, 4-aminopteroyl-glutamic acid","volume":"238","author":"Farber","year":"1948","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5138.1610","article-title":"Chemotherapy of pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"1","author":"Crofton","year":"1959","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197602192940801","article-title":"Combination chemotherapy as an adjuvant treatment in operable breast cancer","volume":"294","author":"Bonadonna","year":"1976","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-92-5-587","article-title":"Curability of advanced Hodgkin\u2019s disease with chemotherapy. Long-term follow-up of MOPP-treated patients at the National Cancer Institute","volume":"92","author":"DeVita","year":"1980","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1986.4.10.1493","article-title":"VAB-6: An effective chemotherapy regimen for patients with germ-cell tumors","volume":"4","author":"Bosl","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1984.2.11.1281","article-title":"The importance of dose intensity in chemotherapy of metastatic breast cancer","volume":"2","author":"Hryniuk","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2638","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2001.19.10.2638","article-title":"Randomized phase III trial of high-dose-intensity methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin (MVAC) chemotherapy and recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor versus classic MVAC in advanced urothelial tract tumors: European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Protocol no. 30924","volume":"19","author":"Sternberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2003.09.081","article-title":"Randomized trial of dose-dense versus conventionally scheduled and sequential versus concurrent combination chemotherapy as postoperative adjuvant treatment of node-positive primary breast cancer: First report of Intergroup Trial C9741\/Cancer and Leukemia Group B Trial 9741","volume":"21","author":"Citron","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81683-9","article-title":"The hallmarks of cancer","volume":"100","author":"Hanahan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.02.013","article-title":"Hallmarks of cancer: The next generation","volume":"144","author":"Hanahan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1734","DOI":"10.1126\/science.271.5256.1734","article-title":"Enhancement of antitumor immunity by CTLA-4 blockade","volume":"271","author":"Leach","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12293","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.192461099","article-title":"Involvement of PD-L1 on tumor cells in the escape from host immune system and tumor immunotherapy by PD-L1 blockade","volume":"99","author":"Iwai","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aar4060","article-title":"Cancer immunotherapy using checkpoint blockade","volume":"359","author":"Ribas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.02.015","article-title":"Converting cancer therapies into cures: Lessons from infectious diseases","volume":"148","author":"Glickman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1730-1","article-title":"A view on drug resistance in cancer","volume":"575","author":"Vasan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.04.039","article-title":"Microbial exposure during early human development primes fetal immune cells","volume":"184","author":"Mishra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2014.12.002","article-title":"The infant microbiome development: Mom matters","volume":"21","author":"Mueller","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11319","article-title":"Gut microbiota composition correlates with diet and health in the elderly","volume":"488","author":"Claesson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"26050","article-title":"The composition of the gut microbiota throughout life, with an emphasis on early life","volume":"26","author":"Murphy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol. Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12308","article-title":"Defining dysbiosis and its influence on host immunity and disease","volume":"16","author":"Petersen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26331055211018709","DOI":"10.1177\/26331055211018709","article-title":"Is There a Brain Microbiome?","volume":"16","author":"Link","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci. Insights"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1038\/nature23889","article-title":"Strains, functions and dynamics in the expanded Human Microbiome Project","volume":"550","author":"Mahurkar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2017947118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2017947118","article-title":"The human gut microbiome and health inequities","volume":"118","author":"Amato","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"693920","article-title":"Evolving concepts: How diet and the intestinal microbiome act as modulators of breast malignancy","volume":"2013","author":"Shapira","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISRN Oncol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-16-2929","article-title":"The Host Microbiome Regulates and Maintains Human Health: A Primer and Perspective for Non-Microbiologists","volume":"77","author":"Thomas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-051116-052133","article-title":"Microbes and Cancer","volume":"35","author":"Dzutsev","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0377-7","article-title":"The microbiome, cancer, and cancer therapy","volume":"25","author":"Helmink","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-019-1008-0","article-title":"The microbiota and microbiome in pancreatic cancer: More influential than expected","volume":"18","author":"Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2022.188846","article-title":"Intratumoral bacteria are an important \u201caccomplice\u201d in tumor development and metastasis","volume":"1878","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e180","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30488-7","article-title":"Global burden of cancer attributable to infections in 2018: A worldwide incidence analysis","volume":"8","author":"Georges","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24738-0_6","article-title":"Patho-epigenetics of Infectious Diseases Caused by Intracellular Bacteria","volume":"Volume 879","author":"Minarovits","year":"2016","journal-title":"Patho-Epigenetics of Infectious Disease"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a010272","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a010272","article-title":"Epigenetics and bacterial infections","volume":"2","author":"Bierne","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Niller, H.H., Banati, F., Ay, E., and Minarovits, J. (2012). Patho-Epigenetics of Disease, Springer."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Niller, H.H., Banati, F., Ay, E., and Minarovits, J. (2012). Patho-Epigenetics of Disease, Springer."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2014.02.007","article-title":"Microbes, microbiota, and colon cancer","volume":"15","author":"Sears","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2080-8","article-title":"Mutational signature in colorectal cancer caused by genotoxic pks+ E. coli","volume":"580","author":"Puschhof","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5674","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25965-x","article-title":"Gut bacteria identified in colorectal cancer patients promote tumourigenesis via butyrate secretion","volume":"12","author":"Okumura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salvi, P.S., and Cowles, R.A. (2021). Butyrate and the Intestinal Epithelium: Modulation of Proliferation and Inflammation in Homeostasis and Disease. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10071775"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-019-0574-4","article-title":"Exploring the emerging role of the microbiome in cancer immunotherapy","volume":"7","author":"Fessler","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2012.02.022","article-title":"Accessories to the crime: Functions of cells recruited to the tumor microenvironment","volume":"21","author":"Hanahan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-21-1059","article-title":"Hallmarks of Cancer: New Dimensions","volume":"12","author":"Hanahan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13178","article-title":"Dynamics and associations of microbial community types across the human body","volume":"509","author":"Ding","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20200606","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20200606","article-title":"Gut microbiome stability and dynamics in healthy donors and patients with non-gastrointestinal cancers","volume":"218","author":"Byrd","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2018.12.003","article-title":"The microbiome and oral cancer: More questions than answers","volume":"89","author":"Healy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oral Oncol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00695-20","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00695-20","article-title":"Living in Your Skin: Microbes, Molecules, and Mechanisms","volume":"89","author":"Swaney","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Willis, J.R., and Gabald\u00f3n, T. (2020). The Human Oral Microbiome in Health and Disease: From Sequences to Ecosystems. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8020308"},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"743","article-title":"Vaginal microbiomes and ovarian cancer: A review","volume":"10","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-019-0621-2","article-title":"Impact of the gut microbiome on the genome and epigenome of colon epithelial cells: Contributions to colorectal cancer development","volume":"11","author":"Allen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genome Med."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.126573.111","article-title":"Genomic analysis identifies association of Fusobacterium with colorectal carcinoma","volume":"22","author":"Kostic","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.126516.111","article-title":"Fusobacterium nucleatum infection is prevalent in human colorectal carcinoma","volume":"22","author":"Castellarin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-014-2081-3","article-title":"Fusobacterium nucleatum associates with stages of colorectal neoplasia development, colorectal cancer and disease outcome","volume":"33","author":"Flanagan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aal5240","article-title":"Analysis of Fusobacterium persistence and antibiotic response in colorectal cancer","volume":"358","author":"Bullman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.12016","article-title":"Short DNA sequences and bacterial DNA induce esophageal, gastric, and colorectal cancer cell invasion","volume":"121","author":"Kauppila","year":"2013","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-2618-1-16","article-title":"Co-occurrence of anaerobic bacteria in colorectal carcinomas","volume":"1","author":"Warren","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-14-0129","article-title":"The human gut microbiome as a screening tool for colorectal cancer","volume":"7","author":"Zackular","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Prev. Res."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.15252\/msb.20145645","article-title":"Potential of fecal microbiota for early-stage detection of colorectal cancer","volume":"10","author":"Zeller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Syst. Biol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-31248-4_2","article-title":"Microbiota of the Human Body","volume":"Volume 902","author":"Cohen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbiota of the Human Body: Implications in Health and Disease"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3611","article-title":"Inflammation-induced cancer: Crosstalk between tumours, immune cells and microorganisms","volume":"13","author":"Elinav","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.00020","article-title":"Microbiota disbiosis is associated with colorectal cancer","volume":"6","author":"Gao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2819","article-title":"A bacterial driver-passenger model for colorectal cancer: Beyond the usual suspects","volume":"10","author":"Tjalsma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kean, J.M., Rao, S., Wang, M., and Garcea, R.L. (2009). Seroepidemiology of human polyomaviruses. PLoS Pathog., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000363"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178122X17744785","DOI":"10.1177\/1178122X17744785","article-title":"Human Polyomaviruses: The Battle of Large and Small Tumor Antigens","volume":"8","author":"Baez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00061","article-title":"Intestinal Microbiome Shifts, Dysbiosis, Inflammation, and Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"9","author":"Saltzman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmad, A. (2019). Breast Cancer Statistics: Recent Trends, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-20301-6_1"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-20301-6_6","article-title":"Breast Cancer Heterogeneity in Primary and Metastatic Disease","volume":"Volume 1152","author":"Kalinowski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Metastasis and Drug Resistance"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21754","article-title":"Breast Cancer Statistics, 2022","volume":"72","author":"Giaquinto","year":"2022","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020121","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.1020121","article-title":"Understanding and harnessing triple-negative breast cancer-related microbiota in oncology","volume":"12","author":"Devoy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"djv147","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djv147","article-title":"Investigation of the association between the fecal microbiota and breast cancer in postmenopausal women: A population-based case-control pilot study","volume":"107","author":"Goedert","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0000000000000139","article-title":"The gut microbiome in health and in disease","volume":"31","author":"Shreiner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21398","article-title":"The role of the microbiome in cancer development and therapy","volume":"67","author":"Bhatt","year":"2017","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-019-05407-5","article-title":"The microbiome and breast cancer: A review","volume":"178","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-43-3-497","article-title":"Intestinal metabolism of estrogens","volume":"43","author":"Adlercreutz","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2016.1203502","article-title":"Sex differences and hormonal effects on gut microbiota composition in mice","volume":"7","author":"Org","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xuan, C., Shamonki, J.M., Chung, A., Dinome, M.L., Chung, M., Sieling, P.A., and Lee, D.J. (2014). Microbial dysbiosis is associated with human breast cancer. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0083744"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hunt, K.M., Foster, J.A., Forney, L.J., Sch\u00fctte, U.M., Beck, D.L., Abdo, Z., Fox, L.K., Williams, J.E., McGuire, M.K., and McGuire, M.A. (2011). Characterization of the diversity and temporal stability of bacterial communities in human milk. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0021313"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30751","DOI":"10.1038\/srep30751","article-title":"The Microbiome of Aseptically Collected Human Breast Tissue in Benign and Malignant Disease","volume":"6","author":"Hieken","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28061","DOI":"10.1038\/srep28061","article-title":"Characterization of the microbiome of nipple aspirate fluid of breast cancer survivors","volume":"6","author":"Chan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5039","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01235-16","article-title":"The Microbiota of Breast Tissue and Its Association with Breast Cancer","volume":"82","author":"Urbaniak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_113","unstructured":"Feingold, K.R., Anawalt, B., Blackman, M.R., Boyce, A., Chrousos, G., Corpas, E., de Herder, W.W., Dhatariya, K., Dungan, K., and Hofland, J. (2018). Endotext, MDText.com, Inc."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7804","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-08451-7","article-title":"Culture independent assessment of human milk microbial community in lactational mastitis","volume":"7","author":"Patel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-2618-2-43","article-title":"Characterization and comparison of bacterial communities in benign vocal fold lesions","volume":"2","author":"Hanshew","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.09.004","article-title":"Pathobiology of Helicobacter pylori-Induced Gastric Cancer","volume":"150","author":"Amieva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14561","article-title":"Systematic review with meta-analysis: The worldwide prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection","volume":"47","author":"Zamani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perry, S., de Jong, B.C., Solnick, J.V., Sanchez, M., Yang, S., Lin, P.L., Hansen, L.M., Talat, N., Hill, P.C., and Hussain, R. (2010). Infection with Helicobacter pylori is associated with protection against tuberculosis. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008804"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2018.06.017","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori infection and demyelinating disease of the central nervous system","volume":"329","author":"Kira","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.04.016","article-title":"Environmental Risk Factors for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: An Umbrella Review of Meta-analyses","volume":"157","author":"Piovani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_121","first-page":"302","article-title":"Risk factors in gastric cancer","volume":"14","author":"Compare","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(12)70137-7","article-title":"Global burden of cancers attributable to infections in 2008: A review and synthetic analysis","volume":"13","author":"Ferlay","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_123","first-page":"26","article-title":"Epidemiology of gastric cancer: Global trends, risk factors and prevention","volume":"14","author":"Rawla","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prz. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2010.154","article-title":"Mechanisms of disease: Helicobacter pylori virulence factors","volume":"7","author":"Yamaoka","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2014.02.008","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori CagA and gastric cancer: A paradigm for hit-and-run carcinogenesis","volume":"15","author":"Hatakeyama","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-014-2138-8","article-title":"Role of vacuolating cytotoxin VacA and cytotoxin-associated antigen CagA of Helicobacter pylori in the progression of gastric cancer","volume":"396","author":"Ki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2020.1782739","article-title":"Role of vacuolating cytotoxin A in Helicobacter pylori infection and its impact on gastric pathogenesis","volume":"18","author":"Ansari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti Infect. Ther."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22166","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.035766","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori CagA causes mitotic impairment and induces chromosomal instability","volume":"284","author":"Umeda","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4969","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.27519","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori induces promoter methylation of E-cadherin via interleukin-1\u03b2 activation of nitric oxide production in gastric cancer cells","volume":"118","author":"Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aay9189","article-title":"The human tumor microbiome is composed of tumor type-specific intracellular bacteria","volume":"368","author":"Nejman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.12.040","article-title":"Commensal Microbiota Promote Lung Cancer Development via \u03b3\u03b4 T Cells","volume":"176","author":"Jin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-17-1134","article-title":"The Pancreatic Cancer Microbiome Promotes Oncogenesis by Induction of Innate and Adaptive Immune Suppression","volume":"8","author":"Pushalkar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2019.11.004","article-title":"The Tumor Microbiome in Pancreatic Cancer: Bacteria and Beyond","volume":"36","author":"McAllister","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.4161\/epi.1.2.2762","article-title":"Epigenetics: A historical overview","volume":"1","author":"Holliday","year":"2006","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1799","article-title":"Epigenetic gene silencing in cancer\u2014A mechanism for early oncogenic pathway addiction?","volume":"6","author":"Baylin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.02.005","article-title":"Chromatin modifications and their function","volume":"128","author":"Kouzarides","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02625","article-title":"Epigenetics in human disease and prospects for epigenetic therapy","volume":"429","author":"Egger","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2015.11.007","article-title":"Nucleic Acid Modifications in Regulation of Gene Expression","volume":"23","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.04.018","article-title":"N6-methyladenine DNA modification in Drosophila","volume":"161","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1063852","article-title":"The role of DNA methylation in mammalian epigenetics","volume":"293","author":"Jones","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.5.1827","article-title":"A genomic sequencing protocol that yields a positive display of 5-methylcytosine residues in individual DNA strands","volume":"89","author":"Frommer","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e93","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gni092","article-title":"MSRE-PCR for analysis of gene-specific DNA methylation","volume":"33","author":"Melnikov","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2019.00496","article-title":"Coding or Noncoding, the Converging Concepts of RNAs","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3863","article-title":"RNA-mediated epigenetic regulation of gene expression","volume":"16","author":"Holoch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-53889-1_25","article-title":"Bioinformatics Tools for Genome-Wide Epigenetic Research","volume":"978","author":"Angarica","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2020.06.022","article-title":"Modern epigenetics methods in biological research","volume":"187","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a019505","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a019505","article-title":"Epigenetic Determinants of Cancer","volume":"8","author":"Baylin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaal2380","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aal2380","article-title":"Epigenetic plasticity and the hallmarks of cancer","volume":"357","author":"Flavahan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg.2016.93","article-title":"Targeting the cancer epigenome for therapy","volume":"17","author":"Jones","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbiomolbio.2012.05.001","article-title":"Tumor progression: Chance and necessity in Darwinian and Lamarckian somatic (mutationless) evolution","volume":"110","author":"Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_151","first-page":"1954","article-title":"Epigenetic mechanisms and the hallmarks of cancer: An intimate affair","volume":"10","author":"Darwiche","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1007\/s13238-020-00819-2","article-title":"3D chromatin architecture and epigenetic regulation in cancer stem cells","volume":"12","author":"Feng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Protein Cell"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-020-0265-5","article-title":"Integrating genetic and non-genetic determinants of cancer evolution by single-cell multi-omics","volume":"22","author":"Nam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3141","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-020-03731-4","article-title":"Nuclear organization and regulation of the differentiated state","volume":"78","author":"Orian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.02.006","article-title":"Epigenetics: A landscape takes shape","volume":"128","author":"Goldberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng, Y., and Chen, T. (2019). DNA Methylation Reprogramming during Mammalian Development. Genes, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes10040257"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.048769.118","article-title":"Recent developments in transcriptional and translational regulation underlying long-term synaptic plasticity and memory","volume":"26","author":"Hegde","year":"2019","journal-title":"Learn. Mem."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e281","DOI":"10.1038\/emm.2016.140","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation and chromatin remodeling in learning and memory","volume":"49","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.273","article-title":"Aberrant promoter methylation of PPP1R3C and EFHD1 in plasma of colorectal cancer patients","volume":"3","author":"Takane","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-61779-612-8_10","article-title":"Epigenetics of colon cancer","volume":"863","author":"Khare","year":"2012","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12742","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i45.12742","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori-induced inflammation and epigenetic changes during gastric carcinogenesis","volume":"21","author":"Valenzuela","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-59745-416-2_14","article-title":"Methods in cancer epigenetics and epidemiology","volume":"471","author":"Kumar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2016.01.029","article-title":"Epigenetic drift towards histone modifications regulates CAV1 gene expression in colon cancer","volume":"581","author":"Deb","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2015.04.021","article-title":"Clusterin gene is predominantly regulated by histone modifications in human colon cancer and ectopic expression of the nuclear isoform induces cell death","volume":"1852","author":"Deb","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29654","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms161226180","article-title":"Histone Methylation Marks on Circulating Nucleosomes as Novel Blood-Based Biomarker in Colorectal Cancer","volume":"16","author":"Gezer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benard, A., Goossens-Beumer, I.J., van Hoesel, A.Q., de Graaf, W., Horati, H., Putter, H., Zeestraten, E.C., van de Velde, C.J., and Kuppen, P.J. (2014). Histone trimethylation at H3K4, H3K9 and H4K20 correlates with patient survival and tumor recurrence in early-stage colon cancer. BMC Cancer, 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-14-531"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1089\/gtmb.2008.0045","article-title":"The association of methylation in the promoter of APC and MGMT and the prognosis of Taiwanese CRC patients","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Genet. Test. Mol. Biomark."},{"key":"ref_168","first-page":"120","article-title":"The CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) in colorectal cancer","volume":"6","author":"Nazemalhosseini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Bed Bench"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2005.082933","article-title":"CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) of colorectal cancer is best characterised by quantitative DNA methylation analysis and prospective cohort studies","volume":"55","author":"Ogino","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1205247","article-title":"Chromosomal autonomy of hMLH1 methylation in colon cancer","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2002","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37132","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.9469","article-title":"Genome-wide DNA methylation profiles altered by Helicobacter pylori in gastric mucosa and blood leukocyte DNA","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i2.649","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori and colorectal neoplasia: Is there a causal link?","volume":"22","author":"Papastergiou","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521.2013.879336","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with advanced colorectal neoplasia","volume":"49","author":"Shmuely","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1006\/cyto.1999.0518","article-title":"Interleukin-8 as an autocrine growth factor for human colon carcinoma cells in vitro","volume":"12","author":"Brew","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.5808\/GI.2016.14.2.46","article-title":"Classification of Colon Cancer Patients Based on the Methylation Patterns of Promoters","volume":"14","author":"Choi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genom. Inform."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7484","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.13.7484","article-title":"JC virus DNA is present in the mucosa of the human colon and in colorectal cancers","volume":"96","author":"Laghi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1828","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21296","article-title":"Prevalence and genotype identification of human JC virus in colon cancer in Taiwan","volume":"80","author":"Lin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15745","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i42.15745","article-title":"Could JC virus provoke metastasis in colon cancer?","volume":"20","author":"Sinagra","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-004-0737-2","article-title":"Assessment of JC polyoma virus in colon neoplasms","volume":"48","author":"Theodoropoulos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dis. Colon Rectum"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-8751-1_3","article-title":"Role of Microbiome in Carcinogenesis Process and Epigenetic Regulation of Colorectal Cancer","volume":"1856","author":"Farhana","year":"2018","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aah5043","article-title":"Potential role of intratumor bacteria in mediating tumor resistance to the chemotherapeutic drug gemcitabine","volume":"357","author":"Geller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14554","DOI":"10.1038\/srep14554","article-title":"Local bacteria affect the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs","volume":"5","author":"Lehouritis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1240527","article-title":"Commensal bacteria control cancer response to therapy by modulating the tumor microenvironment","volume":"342","author":"Iida","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.09.009","article-title":"Enterococcus hirae and Barnesiella intestinihominis Facilitate Cyclophosphamide-Induced Therapeutic Immunomodulatory Effects","volume":"45","author":"Waldschmitt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1240537","article-title":"The intestinal microbiota modulates the anticancer immune effects of cyclophosphamide","volume":"342","author":"Viaud","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-302X.2003.00075.x","article-title":"Oral and intestinal microflora in 5-fluorouracil treated rats, translocation to cervical and mesenteric lymph nodes and effects of probiotic bacteria","volume":"18","author":"Adlerberth","year":"2003","journal-title":"Oral Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6219","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-24342-x","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation reverses antibiotic and chemotherapy-induced gut dysbiosis in mice","volume":"8","author":"Ward","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-017-0034-1","article-title":"Human microbiome signatures of differential colorectal cancer drug metabolism","volume":"3","author":"Guthrie","year":"2017","journal-title":"NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13302","article-title":"Chemotherapy-driven dysbiosis in the intestinal microbiome","volume":"42","author":"Montassier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2971-8","article-title":"The gut microbiota is associated with immune cell dynamics in humans","volume":"588","author":"Schluter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2021.08.006","article-title":"Microbiome and cancer","volume":"39","author":"Cullin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_192","first-page":"3","article-title":"Eukaryotic DNA topoisomerase I: Genome gatekeeper and its intruders, camptothecins","volume":"1","author":"Pommier","year":"1996","journal-title":"Semin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_193","first-page":"1722","article-title":"Identification of mammalian DNA topoisomerase I as an intracellular target of the anticancer drug camptothecin","volume":"48","author":"Hsiang","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27869","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.27869","article-title":"Insights into pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma research: Challenges and goals","volume":"66","author":"Yohe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Cancer"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2010.31.7107","article-title":"Phase II study of irinotecan and temozolomide in children with relapsed or refractory neuroblastoma: A Children\u2019s Oncology Group study","volume":"29","author":"Bagatell","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2017.09.032","article-title":"Synergistic efficacy of irinotecan and sunitinib combination in preclinical models of anaplastic thyroid cancer","volume":"411","author":"Antonelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1080\/17512433.2019.1630272","article-title":"The clinical application of fruquintinib on colorectal cancer","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-020-02697-3","article-title":"The introduction of immunosuppressor (TDO inhibitor) significantly improved the efficacy of irinotecan in treating hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"70","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_199","first-page":"4187","article-title":"Intracellular roles of SN-38, a metabolite of the camptothecin derivative CPT-11, in the antitumor effect of CPT-11","volume":"51","author":"Kawato","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_200","first-page":"1157","article-title":"Bioactivation of the anticancer agent CPT-11 to SN-38 by human hepatic microsomal carboxylesterases and the in vitro assessment of potential drug interactions","volume":"25","author":"Slatter","year":"1997","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Dispos."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s10517-011-1457-y","article-title":"Comparative analysis of esterase activities of human, mouse, and rat blood","volume":"152","author":"Rudakova","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_202","first-page":"3723","article-title":"Metabolic fate of irinotecan in humans: Correlation of glucuronidation with diarrhea","volume":"54","author":"Gupta","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2015.08.005","article-title":"Structure and Inhibition of Microbiome \u03b2-Glucuronidases Essential to the Alleviation of Cancer Drug Toxicity","volume":"22","author":"Wallace","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1191175","article-title":"Alleviating cancer drug toxicity by inhibiting a bacterial enzyme","volume":"330","author":"Wallace","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.12511","article-title":"The Inhibitory Effect of Ciprofloxacin on the \u03b2-Glucuronidase-mediated Deconjugation of the Irinotecan Metabolite SN-38-G","volume":"118","author":"Kodawara","year":"2016","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3521","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-14-0395","article-title":"Old drug new use\u2014Amoxapine and its metabolites as potent bacterial \u03b2-glucuronidase inhibitors for alleviating cancer drug toxicity","volume":"20","author":"Kong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1919","DOI":"10.4161\/cbt.7.12.6940","article-title":"Faecal microflora and beta-glucuronidase expression are altered in an irinotecan-induced diarrhea model in rats","volume":"7","author":"Stringer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Biol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1007\/s002800050818","article-title":"Inhibition of intestinal microflora beta-glucuronidase modifies the distribution of the active metabolite of the antitumor agent, irinotecan hydrochloride (CPT-11) in rats","volume":"42","author":"Takasuna","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_209","first-page":"1136","article-title":"Modulation of irinotecan-induced diarrhea by cotreatment with neomycin in cancer patients","volume":"7","author":"Kehrer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.11-8-944","article-title":"Prophylaxis of irinotecan-induced diarrhea with neomycin and potential role for UGT1A1*28 genotype screening: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study","volume":"11","author":"Kehrer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774560","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.774560","article-title":"Berberine Improves Irinotecan-Induced Intestinal Mucositis Without Impairing the Anti-colorectal Cancer Efficacy of Irinotecan by Inhibiting Bacterial \u03b2-glucuronidase","volume":"12","author":"Yue","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leardini, D., Venturelli, F., Baccelli, F., Cerasi, S., Muratore, E., Brigidi, P., Pession, A., Prete, A., and Masetti, R. (2022). Pharmacomicrobiomics in Pediatric Oncology: The Complex Interplay between Commonly Used Drugs and Gut Microbiome. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232315387"},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3239","article-title":"The blockade of immune checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy","volume":"12","author":"Pardoll","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aac4255","article-title":"Commensal Bifidobacterium promotes antitumor immunity and facilitates anti-PD-L1 efficacy","volume":"350","author":"Sivan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad1329","article-title":"Anticancer immunotherapy by CTLA-4 blockade relies on the gut microbiota","volume":"350","author":"Pitt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aan4236","article-title":"Gut microbiome modulates response to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in melanoma patients","volume":"359","author":"Gopalakrishnan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao3290","article-title":"The commensal microbiome is associated with anti-PD-1 efficacy in metastatic melanoma patients","volume":"359","author":"Matson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aan3706","article-title":"Gut microbiome influences efficacy of PD-1-based immunotherapy against epithelial tumors","volume":"359","author":"Routy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-021-00923-w","article-title":"Role of the intestinal microbiome and microbial-derived metabolites in immune checkpoint blockade immunotherapy of cancer","volume":"13","author":"Hayase","year":"2021","journal-title":"Genome Med."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2168","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16079-x","article-title":"Systemic short chain fatty acids limit antitumor effect of CTLA-4 blockade in hosts with cancer","volume":"11","author":"Coutzac","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc3421","article-title":"Microbiome-derived inosine modulates response to checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy","volume":"369","author":"Mager","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1910836","article-title":"Five-Year Survival with Combined Nivolumab and Ipilimumab in Advanced Melanoma","volume":"381","author":"Larkin","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2018.4514","article-title":"Survival Outcomes in Patients With Previously Untreated BRAF Wild-Type Advanced Melanoma Treated With Nivolumab Therapy: Three-Year Follow-up of a Randomized Phase 3 Trial","volume":"5","author":"Ascierto","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1504030","article-title":"Combined Nivolumab and Ipilimumab or Monotherapy in Untreated Melanoma","volume":"373","author":"Larkin","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0197-1","article-title":"Neoadjuvant immune checkpoint blockade in high-risk resectable melanoma","volume":"24","author":"Amaria","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb5920","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplant promotes response in immunotherapy-refractory melanoma patients","volume":"371","author":"Baruch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1007\/s11912-020-00913-y","article-title":"Gut Microbiome Modulation Via Fecal Microbiota Transplant to Augment Immunotherapy in Patients with Melanoma or Other Cancers","volume":"22","author":"McQuade","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10391","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms10391","article-title":"Intestinal microbiome analyses identify melanoma patients at risk for checkpoint-blockade-induced colitis","volume":"7","author":"Dubin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neo.2017.08.004","article-title":"Metagenomic Shotgun Sequencing and Unbiased Metabolomic Profiling Identify Specific Human Gut Microbiota and Metabolites Associated with Immune Checkpoint Therapy Efficacy in Melanoma Patients","volume":"19","author":"Frankel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neoplasia"},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0406-6","article-title":"Meta-analysis of fecal metagenomes reveals global microbial signatures that are specific for colorectal cancer","volume":"25","author":"Wirbel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0405-7","article-title":"Metagenomic analysis of colorectal cancer datasets identifies cross-cohort microbial diagnostic signatures and a link with choline degradation","volume":"25","author":"Thomas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01695-5","article-title":"Cross-cohort gut microbiome associations with immune checkpoint inhibitor response in advanced melanoma","volume":"28","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abf3363","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplant overcomes resistance to anti-PD-1 therapy in melanoma patients","volume":"371","author":"Davar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1706169","article-title":"Chimeric Antigen Receptor Therapy","volume":"379","author":"June","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1411087","article-title":"PD-1 blockade with nivolumab in relapsed or refractory Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma","volume":"372","author":"Ansell","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2167","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.15605","article-title":"The Promise and Challenges of CAR-T Gene Therapy","volume":"318","author":"Kuehn","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02234-6","article-title":"A non-antibiotic-disrupted gut microbiome is associated with clinical responses to CD19-CAR-T cell cancer immunotherapy","volume":"29","author":"Saini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01702-9","article-title":"Gut microbiome correlates of response and toxicity following anti-CD19 CAR T cell therapy","volume":"28","author":"Smith","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2804","article-title":"Allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation: Individualized stem cell and immune therapy of cancer","volume":"10","author":"Jenq","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2167","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1609337","article-title":"Acute Graft-versus-Host Disease\u2014Biologic Process, Prevention, and Therapy","volume":"377","author":"Zeiser","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5401","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-11-253559","article-title":"Bone marrow graft-versus-host disease: Early destruction of hematopoietic niche after MHC-mismatched hematopoietic stem cell transplantation","volume":"115","author":"Shono","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-07-728337","article-title":"Graft-versus-host disease targets ovary and causes female infertility in mice","volume":"129","author":"Shimoji","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-09-456590","article-title":"The central nervous system is a target of acute graft versus host disease in mice","volume":"121","author":"Hartrampf","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2016.173","article-title":"Gut microbiota and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: Where do we stand?","volume":"52","author":"Zama","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI32205","article-title":"Microbial translocation augments the function of adoptively transferred self\/tumor-specific CD8+ T cells via TLR4 signaling","volume":"117","author":"Paulos","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4072","article-title":"Epithelial calcineurin controls microbiota-dependent intestinal tumor development","volume":"22","author":"Peuker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.03.001","article-title":"Microbiome and Anticancer Immunosurveillance","volume":"165","author":"Zitvogel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc.2017.13","article-title":"Microbiota: A key orchestrator of cancer therapy","volume":"17","author":"Roy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.44","article-title":"Anticancer effects of the microbiome and its products","volume":"15","author":"Zitvogel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3212","article-title":"Advances in graft-versus-host disease biology and therapy","volume":"12","author":"Blazar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2008.00111.x","article-title":"Species divergence and the measurement of microbial diversity","volume":"32","author":"Lozupone","year":"2008","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2014-02-554725","article-title":"The effects of intestinal tract bacterial diversity on mortality following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation","volume":"124","author":"Taur","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2015.04.016","article-title":"Intestinal Blautia Is Associated with Reduced Death from Graft-versus-Host Disease","volume":"21","author":"Jenq","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1900623","article-title":"Microbiota as Predictor of Mortality in Allogeneic Hematopoietic-Cell Transplantation","volume":"382","author":"Peled","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pession, A., Zama, D., Muratore, E., Leardini, D., Gori, D., Guaraldi, F., Prete, A., Turroni, S., Brigidi, P., and Masetti, R. (2021). Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Recipients: A Systematic Review. J. Pers. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11020100"},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-313017","article-title":"European consensus conference on faecal microbiota transplantation in clinical practice","volume":"66","author":"Cammarota","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e97","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000000097","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation in inflammatory bowel disease: Beyond the excitement","volume":"93","author":"Ianiro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.03.070","article-title":"Adjunctive fecal microbiota transplantation in supportive oncology: Emerging indications and considerations in immunocompromised patients","volume":"44","author":"Wardill","year":"2019","journal-title":"eBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.16218","article-title":"Pilot study investigating the effect of enteral and parenteral nutrition on the gastrointestinal microbiome post-allogeneic transplantation","volume":"188","author":"Andersen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22129","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000022129","article-title":"Treatment of intestinal graft-versus-host disease with unrelated donor fecal microbiota transplantation capsules: A case report","volume":"99","author":"Mao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2017.151","article-title":"Faecal microbiota transplant: A novel biological approach to extensively drug-resistant organism-related non-relapse mortality","volume":"52","author":"Innes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fabozzi, F., Trovato, C.M., Diamanti, A., Mastronuzzi, A., Zecca, M., Tripodi, S.I., Masetti, R., Leardini, D., Muratore, E., and Barat, V. (2022). Management of Nutritional Needs in Pediatric Oncology: A Consensus Statement. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14143378"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/14\/11855\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:18:04Z","timestamp":1760127484000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/14\/11855"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,24]]},"references-count":262,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms241411855"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms241411855","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1422-0067"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,24]]}}}