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Immunotherapy utilizing immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has revolutionized the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). ICIs, predominantly monoclonal antibodies, modulate co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory signals crucial for maintaining immune tolerance. Despite significant therapeutic advancements in NSCLC, patients still face challenges such as disease progression, recurrence, and high mortality rates. Therefore, there is a need for predictive biomarkers that can guide lung cancer treatment strategies. Currently, programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression is the only established biomarker for predicting ICI response. However, its accuracy and robustness are not consistently reliable. This review provides an overview of potential biomarkers currently under development or in the validation stage that hold promise in improving the classification of responders and non-responders to ICI therapy in the near future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241511887","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]],"date-time":"2023-07-26T00:45:02Z","timestamp":1690332302000},"page":"11887","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Biomarkers for Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Response in NSCLC: Current Developments and Applicability"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8312-9269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katiane","family":"Tostes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos 14784-400, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3379-4973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Al\u00e9xia Polo","family":"Siqueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos 14784-400, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9639-7940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui Manuel","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos 14784-400, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"},{"name":"Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), Medical School, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4806-909 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2200-3985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leticia Ferro","family":"Leal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos 14784-400, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"},{"name":"Barretos School of Health Sciences, Dr. Paulo Prata-FACISB, Barretos 14785-002, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8230-1218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lidia Maria Rebolho Batista","family":"Arantes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos 14784-400, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO Classification of Tumors Editorial Board (2021). 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