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They have multiple applications in cosmetics, textiles, paints, electronics and, recently, also in biomedicine. This extensive use of ZnO NPs notably increases the probability that both humans and wildlife are subjected to undesirable effects. Despite being among the most studied NPs from a toxicological point of view, much remains unknown about their ecotoxicological effects or how they may affect specific cell types, such as cells of the central nervous system. The main objective of this work was to investigate the effects of ZnO NPs on human glial cells and zebrafish embryo development and to explore the role of the released Zn2+ ions in these effects. The effects on cell viability on human A172 glial cells were assessed with an MTT assay and morphological analysis. The potential acute and developmental toxicity was assessed employing zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. To determine the role of Zn2+ ions in the in vitro and in vivo observed effects, we measured their release from ZnO NPs with flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Then, cells and zebrafish embryos were treated with a water-soluble salt (zinc sulfate) at concentrations that equal the number of Zn2+ ions released by the tested concentrations of ZnO NPs. Exposure to ZnO NPs induced morphological alterations and a significant decrease in cell viability depending on the concentration and duration of treatment, even after removing the overestimation due to NP interference. Although there were no signs of acute toxicity in zebrafish embryos, a decrease in hatching was detected after exposure to the highest ZnO NP concentrations tested. The ability of ZnO NPs to release Zn2+ ions into the medium in a concentration-dependent manner was confirmed. Zn2+ ions did not seem entirely responsible for the effects observed in the glial cells, but they were likely responsible for the decrease in zebrafish hatching rate. The results obtained in this work contribute to the knowledge of the toxicological potential of ZnO NPs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241512297","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T09:06:44Z","timestamp":1690880804000},"page":"12297","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Effects of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle Exposure on Human Glial Cells and Zebrafish Embryos"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5572-1089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanessa","family":"Valdiglesias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade da Coru\u00f1a, Grupo NanoToxGen, Centro Interdisciplinar de Qu\u00edmica e Biolox\u00eda\u2014CICA, Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus A Zapateira s\/n, 15071 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de A Coru\u00f1a (INIBIC), Oza, 15071 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1627-3006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anabel","family":"Alba-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade da Coru\u00f1a, Grupo NEUROVER, Centro Interdisciplinar de Qu\u00edmica e Biolox\u00eda\u2014CICA, R\u00faa As Carballeiras, 15071 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"},{"name":"Universidade da Coru\u00f1a, Grupo NEUROVER, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus A Zapateira s\/n, 15071 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7537-3977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Bert\u00f3lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade da Coru\u00f1a, Grupo NanoToxGen, Centro Interdisciplinar de Qu\u00edmica e Biolox\u00eda\u2014CICA, Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus A Zapateira s\/n, 15071 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de A Coru\u00f1a (INIBIC), Oza, 15071 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"}]},{"given":"Assia","family":"Touzani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade da Coru\u00f1a, Grupo NanoToxGen, Centro Interdisciplinar de Qu\u00edmica e Biolox\u00eda\u2014CICA, Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus A Zapateira s\/n, 15071 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de A Coru\u00f1a (INIBIC), Oza, 15071 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"}]},{"given":"Luc\u00eda","family":"Ramos-Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade da Coru\u00f1a, Grupo NanoToxGen, Centro Interdisciplinar de Qu\u00edmica e Biolox\u00eda\u2014CICA, Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus A Zapateira s\/n, 15071 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de A Coru\u00f1a (INIBIC), Oza, 15071 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7150-997X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Teresa","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EPIUnit\u2014Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio para a Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Integrativa e Translacional em Sa\u00fade Populacional (ITR), Rua das Taipas 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Health, Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6101-1879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Moreda-Pi\u00f1eiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade da Coru\u00f1a, Grupo Qu\u00edmica Anal\u00edtica Aplicada (QANAP), Instituto Universitario Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus A Zapateira s\/n, 15071 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4559-8398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juli\u00e1n","family":"Y\u00e1\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade da Coru\u00f1a, Grupo NEUROVER, Centro Interdisciplinar de Qu\u00edmica e Biolox\u00eda\u2014CICA, R\u00faa As Carballeiras, 15071 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"},{"name":"Universidade da Coru\u00f1a, Grupo NEUROVER, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus A Zapateira s\/n, 15071 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7649-2599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Blanca","family":"Laffon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de A Coru\u00f1a (INIBIC), Oza, 15071 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"},{"name":"Universidade da Coru\u00f1a, Grupo DICOMOSA, Centro Interdisciplinar de Qu\u00edmica e Biolox\u00eda\u2014CICA, Departamento de Psicolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias de la Educaci\u00f3n, Campus Elvi\u00f1a s\/n, 15071 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2927-7516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Folgueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade da Coru\u00f1a, Grupo NEUROVER, Centro Interdisciplinar de Qu\u00edmica e Biolox\u00eda\u2014CICA, R\u00faa As Carballeiras, 15071 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"},{"name":"Universidade da Coru\u00f1a, Grupo NEUROVER, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus A Zapateira s\/n, 15071 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1080\/01480545.2018.1508218","article-title":"ZnO Nanoparticles: Recent Advances in Ecotoxicity and Risk Assessment","volume":"43","author":"Du","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Chem. 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