{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,22]],"date-time":"2026-03-22T13:02:12Z","timestamp":1774184532651,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":188,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,8]],"date-time":"2023-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691452800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese FCT\/MCTES","award":["UIDB\/00709\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00709\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese FCT\/MCTES","award":["UIDP\/00709\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00709\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>For brain protection, the blood\u2013brain barrier and blood\u2013cerebrospinal fluid barrier limit the traffic of molecules between blood and brain tissue and between blood and cerebrospinal fluid, respectively. Besides their protective function, brain barriers also limit the passage of therapeutic drugs to the brain, which constitutes a great challenge for the development of therapeutic strategies for brain disorders. This problem has led to the emergence of novel strategies to treat neurological disorders, like the development of nanoformulations to deliver therapeutic agents to the brain. Recently, functional molecular clocks have been identified in the blood\u2013brain barrier and in the blood\u2013cerebrospinal fluid barrier. In fact, circadian rhythms in physiological functions related to drug disposition were also described in brain barriers. This opens the possibility for chronobiological approaches that aim to use time to improve drug efficacy and safety. The conjugation of nanoformulations with chronobiology for neurological disorders is still unexplored. Facing this, here, we reviewed the circadian rhythms in brain barriers, the nanoformulations studied to deliver drugs to the brain, and the nanoformulations with the potential to be conjugated with a chronobiological approach to therapeutic strategies for the brain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241612541","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,8]],"date-time":"2023-08-08T12:26:39Z","timestamp":1691497599000},"page":"12541","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The Role of Biological Rhythms in New Drug Formulations to Cross the Brain Barriers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Rafael","family":"Mineiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CICS-UBI\u2014Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"T\u00e2nia","family":"Albuquerque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICS-UBI\u2014Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana Raquel","family":"Neves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICS-UBI\u2014Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6074-7825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cec\u00edlia R. A.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICS-UBI\u2014Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5049-4518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICS-UBI\u2014Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5202-9858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Telma","family":"Quintela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICS-UBI\u2014Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"UDI-IPG\u2014Unidade de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o para o Desenvolvimento do Interior, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico da Guarda, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcb.8b08517","article-title":"New Insights into the Interactions of a DNA Oligonucleotide with mPEGylated-PAMAM by Circular Dichroism and Solution NMR","volume":"123","author":"Dou","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. 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