{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T16:41:00Z","timestamp":1771692060027,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,20]],"date-time":"2023-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["CERN\/FIS-TEC\/0039\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CERN\/FIS-TEC\/0039\/2019"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/00068\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00068\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UIDP\/00068\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00068\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/04565\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04565\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UIDP\/04565\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04565\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["LA\/P\/0140\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0140\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["IST-ID\/131\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IST-ID\/131\/2018"]}]},{"name":"Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico","award":["CERN\/FIS-TEC\/0039\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CERN\/FIS-TEC\/0039\/2019"]}]},{"name":"Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico","award":["UIDB\/00068\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00068\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico","award":["UIDP\/00068\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00068\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico","award":["UIDB\/04565\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04565\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico","award":["UIDP\/04565\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04565\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico","award":["LA\/P\/0140\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0140\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico","award":["IST-ID\/131\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IST-ID\/131\/2018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Over the last few years, there has been increasing interest in the use of amorphous carbon thin films with low secondary electron yield (SEY) to mitigate electron multipacting in particle accelerators and RF devices. Previous works found that the SEY increases with the amount of incorporated hydrogen and correlates with the Tauc gap. In this work, we analyse films produced by magnetron sputtering with different contents of hydrogen and deuterium incorporated via the target poisoning and sputtering of CxDy molecules. XPS was implemented to estimate the phase composition of the films. The maximal SEY was found to decrease linearly with the fraction of the graphitic phase in the films. These results are supported by Raman scattering and UPS measurements. The graphitic phase decreases almost linearly for hydrogen and deuterium concentrations between 12% and 46% (at.), but abruptly decreases when the concentration reaches 53%. This vanishing of the graphitic phase is accompanied by a strong increase of SEY and the Tauc gap. These results suggest that the SEY is not dictated directly by the concentration of H\/D, but by the fraction of the graphitic phase in the film. The results are supported by an original model used to calculate the SEY of films consisting of a mixture of graphitic and polymeric phases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241612999","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T01:33:11Z","timestamp":1692581591000},"page":"12999","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Role of Hydrogen Incorporation into Amorphous Carbon Films in the Change of the Secondary Electron Yield"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Nenad","family":"Bundaleski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de F\u00edsica e Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Tecnologica, Departamento de F\u00edsica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1298-1793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina F.","family":"Adame","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de F\u00edsica e Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Tecnologica, Departamento de F\u00edsica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia e Ci\u00eancias Nucleares, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, University of Lisbon, 2695-066 Bobadela, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Plasmas e Fus\u00e3o Nuclear, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Nuno P.","family":"Barradas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia e Ci\u00eancias Nucleares, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, University of Lisbon, 2695-066 Bobadela, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Plasmas e Fus\u00e3o Nuclear, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria F.","family":"Cerqueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Physics of the Universities of Minho and Porto (CF-UM-UP) and Laboratorio de F\u00edsica para Materiais e Tecnologias Emergentes (LaPMET), 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Av. Mestre Jos\u00e9 Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2764-3124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonas","family":"Deuermeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Materias (Lab. Associade I3N), Departamento de Ci\u00eancia dos Materiais, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Yorick","family":"Delaup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research, CERN, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6784-6540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana M.","family":"Ferraria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"iBB\u2014Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences and Departamento de Engenharia Qu\u00edmica, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Isabel M. M.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Materias (Lab. Associade I3N), Departamento de Ci\u00eancia dos Materiais, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Holger","family":"Neupert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research, CERN, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Marcel","family":"Himmerlich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research, CERN, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3131-4219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Maria M. B. do","family":"Rego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"iBB\u2014Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences and Departamento de Engenharia Qu\u00edmica, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2036-3648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martino","family":"Rimoldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research, CERN, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3424-2847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Orlando M. N. 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