{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T00:31:33Z","timestamp":1776817893019,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,19]],"date-time":"2023-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695081600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["PTDC\/MED-ONC\/29402\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/MED-ONC\/29402\/2017"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/04138\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04138\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UIPD\/04138\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIPD\/04138\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Among breast cancer (BC) subtypes, the most aggressive is triple negative BC (TNBC), which is prone to metastasis. We previously found that microRNA (miR)-194-5p is downregulated at the early stages of TNBC brain metastasis development. Additionally, the transcription factor myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2)C, a bioinformatically predicted miR-194-5p target, was increasingly expressed throughout TNBC brain metastasis formation and disease severity. However, the contributions of these two players to malignant cells\u2019 features remain undetermined. This study aimed at disclosing the role of miR-194-5p and MEF2C in TNBC tumorigenesis. The transfection of 4T1 cells with a silencer for MEF2C or with a pre-miRNA for miR-194-5p was employed to study TNBC cells\u2019 phenotypic alterations regarding epithelial and mesenchymal markers, as well as migratory capability alterations. MEF2C-silenced cells presented a decline in both vimentin and cytokeratin expression, whereas the overexpression of miR-194-5p promoted an increase in cytokeratin and a reduction in vimentin, reflecting the acquisition of an epithelial phenotype. Both treatments reduced TNBC cells\u2019 migration. These results suggest that MEF2C may determine TNBC cells\u2019 invasive properties by partially determining the occurrence of epithelial\u2013mesenchymal transition, while the overexpression of miR-194-5p promotes a decline in TNBC cells\u2019 aggressive behavior and reinforces this miRNA\u2019s role as a tumor suppressor in TNBC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241814297","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,19]],"date-time":"2023-09-19T23:11:52Z","timestamp":1695165112000},"page":"14297","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["MEF2C and miR-194-5p: New Players in Triple Negative Breast Cancer Tumorigenesis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Sara","family":"Caetano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"iMed\u2014Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana Rita","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iMed\u2014Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4639-6883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Figueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iMed\u2014Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Farm-ID\u2014Faculty of Pharmacy Research and Development Association, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8493-4649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Alexandra","family":"Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iMed\u2014Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2017.07.002","article-title":"Breast Cancer Epidemiology, Prevention, and Screening","volume":"Volume 151","author":"Winters","year":"2017","journal-title":"Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2017.03.004","article-title":"Brain Metastasization of Breast Cancer","volume":"1868","author":"Videira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta-Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.19323","article-title":"Breast Cancer Treatment","volume":"321","author":"Waks","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1007\/s10555-016-9649-6","article-title":"The Role of HER2, EGFR, and Other Receptor Tyrosine Kinases in Breast Cancer","volume":"35","author":"Hsu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Metastasis Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1038\/s41698-018-0047-0","article-title":"Organotropism: New Insights into Molecular Mechanisms of Breast Cancer Metastasis","volume":"2","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"NPJ Precis. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.102855","article-title":"Triple Negative Breast Cancer: A Thorough Review of Biomarkers","volume":"145","author":"Izetti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.2119\/molmed.2015.00207","article-title":"Blood-Brain Barrier Remodeling during Brain Metastasis Formation","volume":"22","author":"Wrobel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.06.001","article-title":"Role of Endothelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EndoMT) in the Pathogenesis of Fibrotic Disorders","volume":"179","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8361945","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/8361945","article-title":"Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EndoMT): Roles in Tumorigenesis, Metastatic Extravasation and Therapy Resistance","volume":"2019","author":"Platel","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2016.317","article-title":"Tumour Cell-Derived WNT5B Modulates in Vitro Lymphangiogenesis via Induction of Partial Endothelial-Mesenchymal Transition of Lymphatic Endothelial Cells","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s12307-011-0085-4","article-title":"Partial Mesenchymal to Epithelial Reverting Transition in Breast and Prostate Cancer Metastases","volume":"5","author":"Chao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Microenviron."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1635","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2014.594","article-title":"The Transcriptional Repressor HDAC7 Promotes Apoptosis and C-Myc Downregulation in Particular Types of Leukemia and Lymphoma","volume":"6","author":"Collazo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-019-01764-6","article-title":"A Novel MEF2C Mutation in Lymphoid Neoplasm Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Promotes Tumorigenesis by Increasing c-JUN Expression","volume":"393","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Naunyn. Schmiedebergs. Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbiomolbio.2017.02.002","article-title":"Myocyte Enhancer Factor 2C and Its Directly-Interacting Proteins: A Review","volume":"126","author":"Dong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4089","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2014.337","article-title":"Myocyte Enhancer Factor 2C Regulation of Hepatocellular Carcinoma via Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Wnt\/\u03b2-Catenin Signaling","volume":"34","author":"Bai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-016-0296-3","article-title":"Time Course Analysis Based on Gene Expression Profile and Identification of Target Molecules for Colorectal Cancer","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2498","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-12-4840","article-title":"Cooperating Cancer-Gene Identification through Oncogenic-Retrovirus\u2013Induced Insertional Mutagenesis","volume":"106","author":"Du","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-4598-13-130","article-title":"Yin Yang-1 Suppresses Invasion and Metastasis of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma by Downregulating MMP10 in a MUC4\/ErbB2\/P38\/MEF2C-Dependent Mechanism","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1002\/1878-0261.12632","article-title":"Downregulation of Circulating MiR 802-5p and MiR 194-5p and Upregulation of Brain MEF2C along Breast Cancer Brain Metastasization","volume":"14","author":"Sereno","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galego, S., Kauppila, L.A., Malh\u00f3, R., Pimentel, J., and Brito, M.A. (2021). Myocyte Enhancer Factor 2C as a New Player in Human Breast Cancer Brain Metastases. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10020378"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112152","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.22899","article-title":"MEF2 Signaling and Human Diseases","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2911","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2010.091125","article-title":"Wnt\/\u03b2-Catenin Pathway Activation Is Enriched in Basal-Like Breast Cancers and Predicts Poor Outcome","volume":"176","author":"Khramtsov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-020-01276-5","article-title":"Wnt Signaling in Breast Cancer: Biological Mechanisms, Challenges and Opportunities","volume":"19","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6604259","article-title":"Frequent Epigenetic Inactivation of Wnt Antagonist Genes in Breast Cancer","volume":"98","author":"Suzuki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s10456-005-9010-0","article-title":"Autocrine Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Signalling in Breast Cancer. Evidence from Cell Lines and Primary Breast Cancer Cultures in Vitro","volume":"8","author":"Weigand","year":"2005","journal-title":"Angiogenesis"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2015.00159","article-title":"The Emerging Regulation of VEGFR-2 in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer","volume":"6","author":"Zhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevEukaryotGeneExpr.2016015964","article-title":"The Impacts of Mirnas in Glioblastoma Progression","volume":"26","author":"Kalkan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Eukaryot. Gene Expr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2017.10.003","article-title":"MicroRNAs in Glioblastoma Pathogenesis and Therapy: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"120","author":"Ahir","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sereno, M., Videira, M., Wilhelm, I., Krizbai, I.A., and Brito, M.A. (2020). MiRNAs in Health and Disease: A Focus on the Breast Cancer Metastatic Cascade towards the Brain. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9081790"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Condrat, C.E., Thompson, D.C., Barbu, M.G., Bugnar, O.L., Boboc, A., Cretoiu, D., Suciu, N., Cretoiu, S.M., and Voinea, S.C. (2020). MiRNAs as Biomarkers in Disease: Latest Findings Regarding Their Role in Diagnosis and Prognosis. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9020276"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1840","article-title":"Oncomirs\u2014MicroRNAs with a Role in Cancer","volume":"6","author":"Slack","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3666","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-16-0359","article-title":"OncomiR or Tumor Suppressor? The Duplicity of MicroRNAs in Cancer","volume":"76","author":"Svoronos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2668","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.29170","article-title":"Long Intergenic Noncoding RNA 00641 Inhibits Breast Cancer Cell Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion by Sponging MiR-194-5p","volume":"235","author":"Mao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2013.369","article-title":"Circulating MicroRNAs Predict Biochemical Recurrence in Prostate Cancer Patients","volume":"109","author":"Selth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"3355","article-title":"Knockdown of MiR-194-5p Inhibits Cell Proliferation, Migration and Invasion in Breast Cancer by Regulating the Wnt\/\u03b2-Catenin Signaling Pathway","volume":"42","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hironaka-Mitsuhashi, A., Matsuzaki, J., Takahashi, R., Yoshida, M., Nezu, Y., Yamamoto, Y., Shiino, S., Kinoshita, T., Ushijima, T., and Hiraoka, N. (2017). A Tissue MicroRNA Signature That Predicts the Prognosis of Breast Cancer in Young Women. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0187638"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55231","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.10485","article-title":"Identification of a Circulating MicroRNA Signature to Distinguish Recurrence in Breast Cancer Patients","volume":"7","author":"Huo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9317","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2017.7826","article-title":"Tumor Suppressive Role of MiR-194-5p in Glioblastoma Multiforme","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13139","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.7545","article-title":"MiR-194 Inhibits the Proliferation, Invasion, Migration, and Enhances the Chemosensitivity of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells by Targeting Forkhead Box A1 Protein","volume":"7","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Figueira, I., Godinho-Pereira, J., Galego, S., Maia, J., Hask\u00f3, J., Moln\u00e1r, K., Malh\u00f3, R., Costa-Silva, B., Wilhelm, I., and Krizbai, I.A. (2021). MicroRNAs and Extracellular Vesicles as Distinctive Biomarkers of Precocious and Advanced Stages of Breast Cancer Brain Metastases Development. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.37247\/PAMOL2ED.2.2021.40"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bianchi, N., Brugnoli, F., Grassilli, S., Bourgeois, K., Keillor, J.W., Bergamini, C.M., Aguiari, G., Volinia, S., and Bertagnolo, V. (2021). The Motility and Mesenchymal Features of Breast Cancer Cells Correlate with the Levels and Intracellular Localization of Transglutaminase Type 2. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10113059"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, K.-L., Kuo, Y.-C., Ho, Y.-S., and Huang, Y.-H. (2019). Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Current Understanding and Future Therapeutic Breakthrough Targeting Cancer Stemness. Cancers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11091334"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Friedl, P., and Mayor, R. (2017). Tuning Collective Cell Migration by Cell\u2013Cell Junction Regulation. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol., 9.","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a029199"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Figueira, I., Galego, S., Cust\u00f3dio-Santos, T., Vicente, R., Moln\u00e1r, K., Hask\u00f3, J., Malh\u00f3, R., Videira, M., Wilhelm, I., and Krizbai, I. (2021). Picturing Breast Cancer Brain Metastasis Development to Unravel Molecular Players and Cellular Crosstalk. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13040910"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5049","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-021-01868-5","article-title":"Partial EMT in Head and Neck Cancer Biology: A Spectrum Instead of a Switch","volume":"40","author":"Pal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27067","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.8166","article-title":"Stability of the Hybrid Epithelial\/Mesenchymal Phenotype","volume":"7","author":"Jolly","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sampson, V.B., David, J.M., Puig, I., Patil, P.U., de Herreros, A.G., Thomas, G.V., and Rajasekaran, A.K. (2014). Wilms\u2019 Tumor Protein Induces an Epithelial-Mesenchymal Hybrid Differentiation State in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0102041"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2021.11.006","article-title":"Distinct Contributions of Partial and Full EMT to Breast Cancer Malignancy","volume":"56","author":"Sugiyama","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1228522","article-title":"Circulating Breast Tumor Cells Exhibit Dynamic Changes in Epithelial and Mesenchymal Composition","volume":"339","author":"Yu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17038","article-title":"Metastatic Colonization by Circulating Tumour Cells","volume":"529","author":"Obenauf","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2018.05.007","article-title":"MEF2 and the Tumorigenic Process, Hic Sunt Leones","volume":"1870","author":"Hancock","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta-Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2018.02.022","article-title":"PVT1 Regulates the Malignant Behaviors of Human Glioma Cells by Targeting MiR-190a-5p and MiR-488-3p","volume":"1864","author":"Xue","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta-Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Zhang, C., Gong, M., and Jiang, C. (2021). A Novel Identified Long Non-Coding RNA, LncRNA MEF2C-AS1, Inhibits Cervical Cancer via Regulation of MiR-592\/RSPO1. Front. Mol. Biosci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2021.687113"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranon.2018.06.007","article-title":"Characterization of Long Non-Coding RNAs and MEF2C-AS1 Identified as a Novel Biomarker in Diffuse Gastric Cancer","volume":"11","author":"Luo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transl. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalantzakos, T.J., Sullivan, T.B., Gloria, T., Canes, D., Moinzadeh, A., and Rieger-Christ, K.M. (2021). MiRNA-424-5p Suppresses Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma and Attenuates Expression of O-GlcNAc-Transferase. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13205160"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-010-0633-4","article-title":"Specific MiRNA Signatures Are Associated with Metastasis and Poor Prognosis in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma","volume":"29","author":"Heinzelmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"World J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1002\/kjm2.12180","article-title":"MiR-194-5p Inhibited Metastasis and EMT of Nephroblastoma Cells through Targeting Crk","volume":"36","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kaohsiung J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3889","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.20041","article-title":"Overexpression of MiR-194 Reverses HMGA2-Driven Signatures in Colorectal Cancer","volume":"7","author":"Chang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1159\/000493968","article-title":"The Effect of LncRNA H19\/MiR-194-5p Axis on the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition of Colorectal Adenocarcinoma","volume":"50","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2017.5376","article-title":"MicroRNA-194 Represses Glioma Cell Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition by Targeting Bmi1","volume":"37","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"6361","article-title":"The SOX2OT\/MiR-194-5p Axis Regulates Cell Proliferation and Mobility of Gastric Cancer through Suppressing Epithelial-mesenchymal Transition","volume":"16","author":"Wei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.1159\/000487973","article-title":"MiR-194 Suppresses Proliferation and Migration and Promotes Apoptosis of Osteosarcoma Cells by Targeting CDH2","volume":"45","author":"Miao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"4179","article-title":"Application Values of MiR-194 and MiR-29 in the Diagnosis and Prognosis of Gastric Cancer","volume":"15","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5432","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-19-0773","article-title":"MALAT1 Rs664589 Polymorphism Inhibits Binding to MiR-194-5p, Contributing to Colorectal Cancer Risk, Growth, and Metastasis","volume":"79","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, S., Johnson, K.S., Lujan, H., Pradhan, S.H., Sayes, C.M., and Taube, J.H. (2021). Nanoliposomal Delivery of MicroRNA-203 Suppresses Migration of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer through Distinct Target Suppression. Non-Coding RNA, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/ncrna7030045"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2939","DOI":"10.1039\/D0BM00015A","article-title":"Delivery of Dual MiRNA through CD44-Targeted Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for Enhanced and Effective Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Therapy","volume":"8","author":"Ahir","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm.15.193","article-title":"Orlistat and Antisense-MiRNA-Loaded PLGA-PEG Nanoparticles for Enhanced Triple Negative Breast Cancer Therapy","volume":"11","author":"Foygel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2019.04.018","article-title":"Delivery of Anti-MiRNA for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Therapy Using RNA Nanoparticles Targeting Stem Cell Marker CD133","volume":"27","author":"Yin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Godinho-Pereira, J., Garcia, A.R., Figueira, I., Malh\u00f3, R., and Brito, M.A. (2021). Behind Brain Metastases Formation: Cellular and Molecular Alterations and Blood\u2013Brain Barrier Disruption. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22137057"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Godinho-Pereira, J., Lopes, M.D., Garcia, A.R., Botelho, H.M., Malh\u00f3, R., Figueira, I., and Brito, M.A. (2022). A Drug Screening Reveals Minocycline Hydrochloride as a Therapeutic Option to Prevent Breast Cancer Cells Extravasation across the Blood\u2013Brain Barrier. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10081988"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/18\/14297\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:53:52Z","timestamp":1760129632000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/18\/14297"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,19]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms241814297"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms241814297","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,19]]}}}