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Although most thyroid nodules are benign, given the high incidence of thyroid nodules in the population, it is important to understand the differences between benign and malignant thyroid cancer and the molecular alterations associated with malignancy to improve detection and signal potential diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic targets. Proteomics analysis of benign and malignant human thyroid tissue largely revealed changes indicating modifications in RNA regulation, a common cancer characteristic. In addition, changes in the immune system and cell membrane\/endocytic processes were also suggested to be involved. Annexin A1 was considered a potential malignancy biomarker and, similarly to other annexins, it was found to increase in the malignant group. Furthermore, a bioinformatics approach points to the transcription factor Sp1 as being potentially involved in most of the alterations seen in the malignant thyroid nodules.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241914542","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]],"date-time":"2023-09-26T03:53:00Z","timestamp":1695700380000},"page":"14542","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Proteomics Reveals mRNA Regulation and the Action of Annexins in Thyroid Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0392-1118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarida","family":"Coelho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CNC\u2014Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"CIBB\u2014Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"III Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra (IIIUC), 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Capela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2180-3518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra I.","family":"Anjo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNC\u2014Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"CIBB\u2014Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"III Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra (IIIUC), 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2906-9557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Pacheco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Margarida S\u00e1","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Amendoeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"I3S, Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Ipatimup, Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3745-3885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John G.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNC\u2014Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"CIBB\u2014Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"III Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra (IIIUC), 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1001-6017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Raposo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Portuguese Society of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, 1600-892 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"EPIUnit-Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2087-4042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Manadas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNC\u2014Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"CIBB\u2014Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"III Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra (IIIUC), 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1836","article-title":"Pathogenetic mechanisms in thyroid follicular-cell neoplasia","volume":"6","author":"Kondo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. 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