{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T18:55:07Z","timestamp":1778180107270,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":180,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]],"date-time":"2023-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional","award":["IF\/00092\/2014\/CP1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IF\/00092\/2014\/CP1"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["IF\/00092\/2014\/CP1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IF\/00092\/2014\/CP1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This review investigates the intricate role of human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) in cancer development and progression, explicitly focusing on HERV-K (HML-2). This paper sheds light on the latest research advancements and potential treatment strategies by examining the historical context of HERVs and their involvement in critical biological processes such as embryonic development, immune response, and disease progression. This review covers computational modeling for drug-target binding assessment, systems biology modeling for simulating HERV-K viral cargo dynamics, and using antiviral drugs to combat HERV-induced diseases. The findings presented in this review contribute to our understanding of HERV-mediated disease mechanisms and provide insights into future therapeutic approaches. They emphasize why HERV-K holds significant promise as a biomarker and a target.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241914631","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]],"date-time":"2023-09-27T07:38:46Z","timestamp":1695800326000},"page":"14631","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Exploring HERV-K (HML-2) Influence in Cancer and Prospects for Therapeutic Interventions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2434-5874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B\u00e1rbara","family":"Costa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"OncoPharma Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Pl\u00e1cido da Costa, s\/n, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Pl\u00e1cido da Costa, s\/n, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1283-1042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno","family":"Vale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"OncoPharma Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Pl\u00e1cido da Costa, s\/n, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Pl\u00e1cido da Costa, s\/n, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s12977-015-0232-y","article-title":"Classification and Characterization of Human Endogenous Retroviruses; Mosaic Forms are Common","volume":"13","author":"Vargiu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s12977-016-0301-x","article-title":"Contribution of Type W Human Endogenous Retroviruses to the Human Genome: Characterization of HERV-W Proviral Insertions and Processed Pseudogenes","volume":"13","author":"Grandi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4894","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0307800101","article-title":"Long-Term Reinfection of the Human Genome by Endogenous Retroviruses","volume":"101","author":"Belshaw","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. 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