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Given the crucial role of these hormones in health and the growing evidence of diseases related to thyroid dysfunction, this review looks at the effects of paraben exposure on the thyroid. In this study, we considered research carried out in vitro and in vivo and epidemiological studies published between 1951 and 2023, which demonstrated an association between exposure to parabens and dysfunctions of the HPT axis. In humans, exposure to parabens increases thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels, while exposure decreases TSH levels in rodents. The effects on THs levels are also poorly described, as well as peripheral metabolism. Regardless, recent studies have shown different actions between different subtypes of parabens on the HPT axis, which allows us to speculate that the mechanism of action of these parabens is different. Furthermore, studies of exposure to parabens are more evident in women than in men. Therefore, future studies are needed to clarify the effects of exposure to parabens and their mechanisms of action on this axis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242015246","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]],"date-time":"2023-10-17T08:08:33Z","timestamp":1697530113000},"page":"15246","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Environmental Endocrinology: Parabens Hazardous Effects on Hypothalamic\u2013Pituitary\u2013Thyroid Axis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0292-0823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dam\u00e1ris Barcelos Cunha","family":"Azeredo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology-LEEx, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil"},{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2910-5768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denilson","family":"de Sousa Anselmo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology-LEEx, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil"},{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9607-6998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular Signaling and Metabolism Group, i3S\u2014Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, 420-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-139 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jones Bernardes","family":"Graceli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular Toxicology and Endocrinology, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Esp\u00edrito Santo, Vit\u00f3ria 29047-105, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0575-961X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D\u2019Angelo Carlo","family":"Magliano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology-LEEx, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil"},{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil"},{"name":"Morphology and Metabolism Group, Federal University of Fluminense, Niteroi 24020-150, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7832-8717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leandro","family":"Miranda-Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology-LEEx, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil"},{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil"},{"name":"Cellular Signaling and Metabolism Group, i3S\u2014Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, 420-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil"},{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Morphological Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.2991\/jegh.k.191008.001","article-title":"Current Cancer Epidemiology","volume":"9","author":"Mattiuzzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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