{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T17:11:42Z","timestamp":1778260302650,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":146,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]],"date-time":"2023-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698364800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CEECIND\/03202\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/03202\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CEECIND\/03202\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/03202\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Stimulus of Scientific Employment 2018","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Stimulus of Scientific Employment 2018","award":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Stimulus of Scientific Employment 2018","award":["CEECIND\/03202\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/03202\/2018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Over the last four decades, vanadium compounds have been extensively studied as potential antidiabetic drugs. With the present review, we aim at presenting a general overview of the most promising compounds and the main results obtained with in vivo studies, reported from 1899\u20132023. The chemistry of vanadium is explored, discussing the importance of the structure and biochemistry of vanadate and the impact of its similarity with phosphate on the antidiabetic effect. The spectroscopic characterization of vanadium compounds is discussed, particularly magnetic resonance methodologies, emphasizing its relevance for understanding species activity, speciation, and interaction with biological membranes. Finally, the most relevant studies regarding the use of vanadium compounds to treat diabetes are summarized, considering both animal models and human clinical trials. An overview of the main hypotheses explaining the biological activity of these compounds is presented, particularly the most accepted pathway involving vanadium interaction with phosphatase and kinase enzymes involved in the insulin signaling cascade. From our point of view, the major discoveries regarding the pharmacological action of this family of compounds are not yet fully understood. Thus, we still believe that vanadium presents the potential to help in metabolic control and the clinical management of diabetes, either as an insulin-like drug or as an insulin adjuvant. We look forward to the next forty years of research in this field, aiming to discover a vanadium compound with the desired therapeutic properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242115675","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]],"date-time":"2023-10-27T11:50:18Z","timestamp":1698407418000},"page":"15675","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Vanadium Compounds with Antidiabetic Potential"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7158-2699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00edsa M. P. F.","family":"Amaral","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s\/n, 40169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3175-3844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T\u00e2nia","family":"Moniz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s\/n, 40169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"LAQV, REQUIMTE, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5554-7714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9 M. N.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s\/n, 40169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"LAQV, REQUIMTE, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0998-1437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Rangel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV, REQUIMTE, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-018-1540-6","article-title":"Vanadium in Biological Action: Chemical, Pharmacological Aspects, and Metabolic Implications in Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"188","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tracey, A.S., Willsky, G.R., and Takeuchi, E.S. (2007). Vanadium: Chemistry, Biochemistry, Pharmacology and Practical Applications, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420046144"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Survey, U.S.G. (2023). Vanadium Statistics and Information, National Minerals Information Center."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2019.100844","article-title":"Vanadium redox flow batteries: A comprehensive review","volume":"25","author":"Lourenssen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Energy Storage"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2014.12.002","article-title":"Vanadium compounds in medicine","volume":"301\u2013302","author":"Pessoa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ica.2020.119445","article-title":"The potentiality of vanadium in medicinal applications","volume":"504","author":"Rehder","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inorg. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hashmi, K., Gupta, S., Siddique, A., Khan, T., and Joshi, S. (2023). Medicinal applications of vanadium complexes with Schiff bases. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol., 79.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2023.127245"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1039\/C4MT00304G","article-title":"The role of vanadium in biology","volume":"7","author":"Rehder","year":"2015","journal-title":"Metallomics"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1021\/cr020607t","article-title":"The Chemistry and Biochemistry of Vanadium and the Biological Activities Exerted by Vanadium Compounds","volume":"104","author":"Crans","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u015acibior, A., Pietrzyk, \u0141., Plewa, Z., and Skiba, A. (2020). Vanadium: Risks and possible benefits in the light of a comprehensive overview of its pharmacotoxicological mechanisms and multi-applications with a summary of further research trends. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol., 61.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2020.126508"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/12.1.49","article-title":"Vanadium: Excretion, Toxicity, Lipid Effect in Man","volume":"12","author":"Dimond","year":"1963","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(63)90041-9","article-title":"Abnormal trace metals in man\u2014Vanadium","volume":"16","author":"Schroeder","year":"1963","journal-title":"J. Chronic Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-8545(98)00194-5","article-title":"The coordination chemistry of vanadium as related to its biological functions","volume":"182","author":"Rehder","year":"1999","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chasteen, N.D. (1990). Vanadium in Biological Systems: Physiology and Biochemistry, Kluwer Academic Publishers.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-2023-1"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.3891\/acta.chem.scand.39a-0499","article-title":"Multicomponent Polyanions. 36. Hydrolysis and Redox Equilibria of the H+\u2013HVO42\u2212 System in 0.6 M Na(Cl). A Complementary Potentiometric and 51V NMR Study at Low Vanadium Concentrations in Acid Solution","volume":"39","author":"Pettersson","year":"1985","journal-title":"Acta Chem. Scand."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pessoa, J.C., and Correia, I. (2021). Misinterpretations in Evaluating Interactions of Vanadium Complexes with Proteins and Other Biological Targets. Inorganics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/inorganics9020017"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2021.214192","article-title":"Binding of vanadium ions and complexes to proteins and enzymes in aqueous solution","volume":"449","author":"Pessoa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-1693(03)00473-0","article-title":"Study of the oxidation products of the VO(dmpp)2 complex in aqueous solution under aerobic conditions: Comparison with the vanadate\u2013dmpp system","volume":"356","author":"Avecilla","year":"2003","journal-title":"Inorg. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8086","DOI":"10.1021\/ic0605571","article-title":"Spectroscopic and Potentiometric Characterization of Oxovanadium(IV) Complexes Formed by 3-Hydroxy-4-Pyridinones. Rationalization of the Influence of Basicity and Electronic Structure of the Ligand on the Properties of VIVO Species in Aqueous Solution","volume":"45","author":"Rangel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinorgbio.2008.12.019","article-title":"Novel 3-hydroxy-4-pyridinonato oxidovanadium(IV) complexes to investigate structure\/activity relationships","volume":"103","author":"Rangel","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8088","DOI":"10.1039\/C7NJ04678B","article-title":"EPR and 51V NMR studies of prospective anti-diabetic bis(3-hydroxy-4-pyridinonato)oxidovanadium(iv) complexes in aqueous solution and liposome suspensions","volume":"42","author":"Ferreira","year":"2018","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"WHO (2023). W.H.O.\u2014Diabetes\u2014Fact Sheet, WHO."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S19","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-S002","article-title":"Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: Standards of Care in Diabetes\u20142023","volume":"46","author":"ElSayed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/S0254-6272(14)60084-4","article-title":"Insulin sources and types: A review of insulin in terms of its mode on diabetes mellitus","volume":"34","author":"Ahmad","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Tradit. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2005.10.009","article-title":"Pramlintide in the treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"27","author":"Ryan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-023-01847-y","article-title":"Teplizumab: First Approval","volume":"83","author":"Keam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20420188211042145","DOI":"10.1177\/20420188211042145","article-title":"Therapeutics for type-2 diabetes mellitus: A glance at the recent inclusions and novel agents under development for use in clinical practice","volume":"12","author":"Shah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Artasensi, A., Pedretti, A., Vistoli, G., and Fumagalli, L. (2020). Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Review of Multi-Target Drugs. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25081987"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Padhi, S., Nayak, A.K., and Behera, A. (2020). Type II diabetes mellitus: A review on recent drug based therapeutics. Biomed. Pharmacother., 131.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110708"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)65404-3","article-title":"Effect of certain transition group elements on hepatic synthesis of cholesterol in the rat","volume":"210","author":"Curran","year":"1954","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI103900","article-title":"Effect of cholesterol synthesis inhibition in normocholesteremic young men","volume":"38","author":"Curran","year":"1959","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7421","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)40978-1","article-title":"Vanadate is a potent (Na,K)-ATPase inhibitor found in ATP derived from muscle","volume":"252","author":"Cantley","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(79)90138-3","article-title":"Effects of vanadium on glucose metabolism in vitro","volume":"25","author":"Tolman","year":"1979","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5306","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)70787-X","article-title":"The insulin-mimetic effects of vanadate in isolated rat adipocytes. Dissociation from effects of vanadate as a (Na+-K+)ATPase inhibitor","volume":"255","author":"Dubyak","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3156405","article-title":"Effect of Vanadate on Elevated Blood Glucose and Depressed Cardiac Performance of Diabetic Rats","volume":"227","author":"Heyliger","year":"1985","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2874","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867323666160321121138","article-title":"Why Antidiabetic Vanadium Complexes are Not in the Pipeline of \u201cBig Pharma\u201d Drug Research? A Critical Review","volume":"23","author":"Scior","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2006.08.006","article-title":"Carcinogenicity classification of vanadium pentoxide and inorganic vanadium compounds, the NTP study of carcinogenicity of inhaled vanadium pentoxide, and vanadium chemistry","volume":"47","author":"Duffus","year":"2007","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ica.2013.11.025","article-title":"New insights on vanadium binding to human serum transferrin","volume":"420","author":"Pessoa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inorg. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinorgbio.2012.12.020","article-title":"Interaction of vanadium(IV) with human serum apo-transferrin","volume":"121","author":"Mehtab","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4165(86)90230-8","article-title":"Vanadium complexes of transferrin and ferritin in the rat","volume":"884","author":"Chasteen","year":"1986","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)\u2014Gen. Subj."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1007\/s00775-002-0376-9","article-title":"Fractionation of vanadium complexes in serum, packed cells and tissues of Wistar rats by means of gel filtration and anion-exchange chromatography","volume":"7","author":"Cornelis","year":"2002","journal-title":"JBIC J. Biol. Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3717","DOI":"10.1021\/ic200087p","article-title":"Interaction of VO2+ Ion and Some Insulin-Enhancing Compounds with Immunoglobulin G","volume":"50","author":"Sanna","year":"2011","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinorgbio.2012.04.020","article-title":"Transport of the anti-diabetic VO2+ complexes formed by pyrone derivatives in the blood serum","volume":"115","author":"Sanna","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinorgbio.2017.04.023","article-title":"Speciation of potential anti-diabetic vanadium complexes in real serum samples","volume":"173","author":"Sanna","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2013.06.018","article-title":"Binding of transition metal ions to albumin: Sites, affinities and rates","volume":"1830","author":"Bal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, A.M.N., and Rangel, M. (2022). The (Bio)Chemistry of Non-Transferrin-Bound Iron. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27061784"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"299","article-title":"Unraveling the mysteries of serum albumin-more than just a serum protein","volume":"5","author":"Merlot","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Physioliol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7339","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867328666210531144021","article-title":"Pharmacologically Active Vanadium Species: Distribution in Biological Media and Interaction with Molecular Targets","volume":"28","author":"Sanna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5747","DOI":"10.1021\/ic802287s","article-title":"On the Transport of Vanadium in Blood Serum","volume":"48","author":"Sanna","year":"2009","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11749","DOI":"10.1039\/c3dt50457c","article-title":"The future of\/for vanadium","volume":"42","author":"Rehder","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dalton Trans."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-8545(02)00247-3","article-title":"Membrane transport of vanadium compounds and the interaction with the erythrocyte membrane","volume":"237","author":"Yang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1021\/ic402366x","article-title":"Interaction of Antidiabetic Vanadium Compounds with Hemoglobin and Red Blood Cells and Their Distribution between Plasma and Erythrocytes","volume":"53","author":"Sanna","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.39.1.1","article-title":"Insulin-mimetic effects of vanadate. Possible implications for future treatment of diabetes","volume":"39","author":"Shechter","year":"1990","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/1043-6618(90)90717-R","article-title":"Insulinic actions of vanadate in diabetic rats","volume":"22","author":"Sekar","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6658","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)48292-0","article-title":"Oral administration of vanadate normalizes blood glucose levels in streptozotocin-treated rats. Characterization and mode of action","volume":"262","author":"Meyerovitch","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1260451","article-title":"Insulin-like effect of vanadyl ion on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","volume":"126","author":"Sakurai","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H904","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1989.257.3.H904","article-title":"Oral vanadyl sulfate in treatment of diabetes mellitus in rats","volume":"257","author":"Ramanadham","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"1410","article-title":"Vanadyl Sulfate Improves Hepatic and Muscle Insulin Sensitivity in Type 2 Diabetes 1","volume":"86","author":"Cusi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1385\/BTER:95:1:73","article-title":"Effects of Vanadyl Sulfate on Kidney in Experimental Diabetes","volume":"95","author":"Yanardag","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.38.11.1390","article-title":"Long-term effects of vanadyl treatment on streptozocin-induced diabetes in rats","volume":"38","author":"Pederson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4873","DOI":"10.1007\/s11164-014-1573-1","article-title":"Toxicity of inorganic vanadium compounds","volume":"41","author":"Ghosh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Res. Chem. Intermed."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007075204494","article-title":"Anti-diabetic and toxic effects of vanadium compounds","volume":"206","author":"Srivastava","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01075942","article-title":"Toxicology of vanadium compounds in diabetic rats: The action of chelating agents on vanadium accumulation","volume":"153","author":"Domingo","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-019-04188-5","article-title":"Mini review\u2013vanadium-induced neurotoxicity and possible targets","volume":"41","author":"Jaiswal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"850","article-title":"The toxicity of vanadium on gastrointestinal, urinary and reproductive system, and its influence on fertility and fetuses malformations","volume":"71","author":"Wilk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Postepy Higieny Med. Dosw."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0162-0134(00)00035-0","article-title":"Insulin-like effects of vanadium: Basic and clinical implications","volume":"80","author":"Goldwaser","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1021\/jm00086a020","article-title":"Bis(maltolato)oxovanadium(IV) is a potent insulin mimic","volume":"35","author":"McNeill","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1139\/y93-041","article-title":"Glucose-lowering effects of a new organic vanadium complex, bis(maltolato)oxovanadium(IV)","volume":"71","author":"Yuen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006820522587","article-title":"Vanadium and diabetes","volume":"188","author":"Poucheret","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007229910582","article-title":"Effect of vanadium on insulin and leptin in Zucker diabetic fatty rats","volume":"218","author":"Wang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1007\/s00775-002-0388-5","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of vanadyl complexes with bidentate maltol-type ligands; in vivo comparisons of anti-diabetic therapeutic potential","volume":"8","author":"Thompson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinorgbio.2011.05.008","article-title":"A new salicylic acid-derivatized kojic acid vanadyl complex: Synthesis, characterization and anti-diabetic therapeutic potential","volume":"105","author":"Wei","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-012-9587-x","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization and anti-diabetic therapeutic potential of a new benzyl acid-derivatized kojic acid vanadyl complex","volume":"25","author":"Wei","year":"2012","journal-title":"BioMetals"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3251","DOI":"10.1021\/jm060229a","article-title":"Bis(allixinato)oxovanadium(IV) Complex Is a Potent Antidiabetic Agent:\u2009 Studies on Structure\u2212Activity Relationship for a Series of Hydroxypyrone\u2212Vanadium Complexes","volume":"49","author":"Adachi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2006.05.003","article-title":"Improvement of diabetes, obesity and hypertension in type 2 diabetic KKAy mice by bis(allixinato)oxovanadium(IV) complex","volume":"345","author":"Adachi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1007\/s007750000180","article-title":"In vitro study of the insulin-like action of vanadyl-pyrone and -pyridinone complexes with a VO(O4) coordination mode","volume":"6","author":"Rangel","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinorgbio.2012.06.001","article-title":"VO(dmpp)2 normalizes pre-diabetic parameters as assessed by in vivo magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy","volume":"115","author":"Metelo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinorgbio.2013.11.005","article-title":"Therapeutic properties of VO(dmpp)2 as assessed by in vitro and in vivo studies in type 2 diabetic GK rats","volume":"131","author":"Domingues","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0702311","article-title":"Effects of vanadium complexes with organic ligands on glucose metabolism: A comparison study in diabetic rats","volume":"126","author":"Reul","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1021\/ic9905897","article-title":"Chemistry and Insulin-Mimetic Properties of Bis(acetylacetonate)oxovanadium(IV) and Derivatives1","volume":"39","author":"Amin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12215","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110798200","article-title":"Structural Origins of the Insulin-mimetic Activity of Bis(acetylacetonato)oxovanadium(IV)","volume":"277","author":"Makinen","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2011.06.015","article-title":"Anti-diabetic effects of a series of vanadium dipicolinate complexes in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes","volume":"255","author":"Willsky","year":"2011","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1002\/tcr.10029","article-title":"A New Concept: The Use of Vanadium Complexes in the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"2","author":"Sakurai","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chem. Rec."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1021\/jm00033a002","article-title":"A new orally active insulin-mimetic vanadyl complex: Bis(pyrrolidine-N-carbodithioato)oxovanadium(IV)","volume":"37","author":"Watanabe","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-1693(98)00309-0","article-title":"Insulin-mimetic vanadyl\u2014Dithiocarbamate complexes","volume":"283","author":"Sakurai","year":"1998","journal-title":"Inorg. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-8545(01)00447-7","article-title":"Antidiabetic vanadium(IV) and zinc(II) complexes","volume":"226","author":"Sakurai","year":"2002","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0162-0134(00)00045-3","article-title":"An orally active antidiabetic vanadyl complex, bis(1-oxy-2-pyridinethiolato)oxovanadium(IV), with VO(S2O2) coordination mode; in vitro and in vivo evaluations in rats","volume":"80","author":"Sakurai","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1246\/cl.1999.913","article-title":"A New Type of Orally Active Insulin-Mimetic Vanadyl Complex: Bis(1-oxy-2-pyridinethiolato)oxovanadium(IV) with VO(S2O2) Coordination Mode","volume":"28","author":"Hiromu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0162-0134(01)00192-1","article-title":"Amelioration of insulin resistance in diabetic ob\/ob mice by a new type of orally active insulin\u2013mimetic vanadyl complex: Bis(1-oxy-2-pyridinethiolato)oxovanadium(IV) with VO(S2O2) coordination mode","volume":"85","author":"Takeshita","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharfalddin, A.A., Al-Younis, I.M., Mohammed, H.A., Dhahri, M., Mouffouk, F., Abu Ali, H., Anwar, M.J., Qureshi, K.A., Hussien, M.A., and Alghrably, M. (2022). Therapeutic Properties of Vanadium Complexes. Inorganics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/inorganics10120244"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lima, L.M.A., Belian, M.F., Silva, W.E., Postal, K., Kostenkova, K., Crans, D.C., Rossiter, A.K.F.F., and da Silva J\u00fanior, V.A. (2021). Vanadium(IV)-diamine complex with hypoglycemic activity and a reduction in testicular atrophy. J. Inorg. Biochem., 216.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinorgbio.2020.111312"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2022.132825","article-title":"Studies on the serum glucose reducing effect of vanadium metal complexes on Wistar rats","volume":"1261","author":"Shaik","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2010.02.010","article-title":"A new insulin-enhancing agent: [N,N\u2032-bis(4-hydroxysalicylidene)-o-phenylene-diamine]oxovanadium(IV) and its permeability and cytotoxicity","volume":"45","author":"Xie","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1007\/s11094-017-1702-4","article-title":"Evaluation of Anti-Hyperglycemic Effect of Synthetic Schiff Base Vanadium(IV) Complexes","volume":"51","author":"Salem","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharm. Chem. J."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinorgbio.2014.03.011","article-title":"Effects of vanadium (III, IV, V)-chlorodipicolinate on glycolysis and antioxidant status in the liver of STZ-induced diabetic rats","volume":"136","author":"Xie","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5416","DOI":"10.1021\/ic048331q","article-title":"Aqueous Chemistry of the VanadiumIII (VIII) and the VIII\u2212Dipicolinate Systems and a Comparison of the Effect of Three Oxidation States of Vanadium Compounds on Diabetic Hyperglycemia in Rats","volume":"44","author":"Crans","year":"2005","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.1134\/S1070363215090248","article-title":"Investigation of derivatized schiff base ligands of 1,2,4-triazole amine and their oxovanadium(IV) complexes: Synthesis, structure, DNA binding, alkaline phosphatase inhibition, biological screening, and insulin mimetic properties","volume":"85","author":"Munawar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Russ. J. Gen. Chem."},{"key":"ref_98","unstructured":"Peggy, L.C. (2019). Essential Metals in Medicine: Therapeutic Use and Toxicity of Metal Ions in the Clinic, De Gruyter."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcn003","article-title":"A systematic review of vanadium oral supplements for glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"101","author":"Smith","year":"2008","journal-title":"QJM Int. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2501","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117951","article-title":"Oral vanadyl sulfate improves hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivity in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus","volume":"95","author":"Cohen","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-0495(96)90013-X","article-title":"Effects of vanadyl sulfate on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus","volume":"45","author":"Boden","year":"1996","journal-title":"Metab.-Clin. Exp."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.45.5.659","article-title":"Oral Vanadyl Sulfate Improves Insulin Sensitivity in NIDDM but Not in Obese Nondiabetic Subjects","volume":"45","author":"Halberstam","year":"1996","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-0495(00)90418-9","article-title":"Metabolic effects of vanadyl sulfate in humans with non\u2014Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: In vivo and in vitro studies","volume":"49","author":"Goldfine","year":"2000","journal-title":"Metab.-Clin. Exp."},{"key":"ref_104","first-page":"191","article-title":"Martin: Emploi therapeutique des derives du vanadium","volume":"32","author":"Lyonnet","year":"1899","journal-title":"Presse Med. Sem."},{"key":"ref_105","first-page":"3311","article-title":"Metabolic effects of sodium metavanadate in humans with insulin-dependent and noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in vivo and in vitro studies","volume":"80","author":"Goldfine","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"113","article-title":"Effect of sodium metavanadate supplementation on lipid and glucose metabolism biomarkers in type 2 diabetic patients","volume":"14","author":"Mohammad","year":"2008","journal-title":"Malays. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1159\/000175844","article-title":"Effect of Vanadium on Insulin Sensitivity in Patients with Impaired Glucose Tolerance","volume":"53","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinorgbio.2006.08.016","article-title":"Vanadium in diabetes: 100 years from Phase 0 to Phase I","volume":"100","author":"Thompson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinorgbio.2008.12.003","article-title":"Vanadium treatment of type 2 diabetes: A view to the future","volume":"103","author":"Thompson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2016.07.005","article-title":"Vanadium compounds for the treatment of human diabetes mellitus: A scientific curiosity? A review of thirty years of research","volume":"95","author":"Domingo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_111","first-page":"408","article-title":"Long-term efficacy and safety of vanadium in the treatment of type 1 diabetes","volume":"16","author":"Soveid","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Iran. Med."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1039\/c3mt00162h","article-title":"Coordination chemistry may explain pharmacokinetics and clinical response of vanadyl sulfate in type 2 diabetic patients","volume":"5","author":"Willsky","year":"2013","journal-title":"Metallomics"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5169","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-023-03604-4","article-title":"Insulin Receptor Substrates Regulation and Clinical Responses Following Vanadium-Enriched Yeast Supplementation in Obese Type 2 Diabetic Patients: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial","volume":"201","author":"Ghalichi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_114","first-page":"35","article-title":"The interaction of vanadate with tyrosine kinases and phosphatases","volume":"4","author":"Gresser","year":"1987","journal-title":"Adv. Protein Phosphatases"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2014.12.012","article-title":"Vanadium\u2013phosphatase complexes: Phosphatase inhibitors favor the trigonal bipyramidal transition state geometries","volume":"301\u2013302","author":"McLauchlan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2021.214344","article-title":"Polyoxidovanadates\u2019 interactions with proteins: An overview","volume":"454","author":"Aureliano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/85.1.69","article-title":"Insulin: Understanding its action in health and disease","volume":"85","author":"Sonksen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_118","unstructured":"Feingold, K.R., Anawalt, B., Blackman, M.R., Boyce, A., Chrousos, G., Corpas, E., de Herder, W.W., Dhatariya, K., Dungan, K., and Hofland, J. (2000). Insulin Biosynthesis, Secretion, Structure, and Structure-Activity Relationships, Endotext."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2383","DOI":"10.1039\/b710347f","article-title":"Current state for the development of metallopharmaceutics and anti-diabetic metal complexes","volume":"37","author":"Sakurai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s13105-021-00860-7","article-title":"The role of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications","volume":"78","author":"Teimouri","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1007\/s40828-018-0074-z","article-title":"Vanadium in health issues","volume":"4","author":"Rehder","year":"2018","journal-title":"ChemTexts"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/S0162-0134(03)00236-8","article-title":"Mechanism of insulin sensitization by BMOV (bis maltolato oxo vanadium); unliganded vanadium (VO4) as the active component","volume":"96","author":"Peters","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1385\/CBB:44:1:073","article-title":"Insulin signal mimicry as a mechanism for the insulin-like effects of vanadium","volume":"44","author":"Mehdi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015558328757","article-title":"Vanadium increases GLUT4 in diabetic rat skeletal muscle","volume":"233","author":"Mohammad","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinorgbio.2008.06.007","article-title":"Inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B and alkaline phosphatase by bis(maltolato)oxovanadium (IV)","volume":"102","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_126","first-page":"303","article-title":"Bis(maltolato)-oxovanadium (IV)-induced phosphorylation of PKB, GSK-3 and FOXO1 contributes toits glucoregulatory responses (Review)","volume":"24","author":"Vardatsikos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1684","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.46.11.1684","article-title":"Vanadate activates membranous nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinase in rat adipocytes","volume":"46","author":"Elberg","year":"1997","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.2337\/db06-0269","article-title":"Oral Insulin-Mimetic Compounds That Act Independently of Insulin","volume":"56","author":"Yraola","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25455","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)74413-5","article-title":"Regulation of protein tyrosine phosphatases by insulin and insulin-like growth factor I","volume":"268","author":"Kenner","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014437019586","article-title":"Effects of diabetes, vanadium, and insulin on glycogen synthase activation in Wistar rats","volume":"231","author":"Semiz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(02)00861-4","article-title":"Inhibition of gluconeogenesis by vanadium and metformin in kidney-cortex tubules isolated from control and diabetic rabbits","volume":"63","author":"Kiersztan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shehzad, S. (2013). The potential effect of vanadium compounds on glucose-6-phosphatase. Biosci. Horiz. Int. J. Stud. Res., 6.","DOI":"10.1093\/biohorizons\/hzt002"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01075928","article-title":"Evidence for selective effects of vanadium on adipose cell metabolism involving actions on cAMP-dependent protein kinase","volume":"153","author":"Brownsey","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.3109\/14756360902888168","article-title":"Enzyme inhibition, radical scavenging, and spectroscopic studies of vanadium(IV)\u2013hydrazide complexes","volume":"24","author":"Ashiq","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Enzyme Inhib. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Platt, D.C., Rink, J., Braich, K., McLauchlan, C.C., and Jones, M.A. (2021). 2\u2032-3\u2032-Cyclic Nucleotide 3\u2032-Phosphodiesterase Inhibition by Organometallic Vanadium Complexes: A Potential New Paradigm for Studying CNS Degeneration. Brain Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11050588"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2764","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00463a020","article-title":"Inhibition of phosphoglucomutase by vanadate","volume":"29","author":"Percival","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8864","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00448a027","article-title":"Pervanadate [peroxide(s) of vanadate] mimics insulin action in rat adipocytes via activation of the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase","volume":"28","author":"Fantus","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V82.4.1212.1212","article-title":"Reactive oxygen intermediates activate NF-kappa B in a tyrosine kinase- dependent mechanism and in combination with vanadate activate the p56lck and p59fyn tyrosine kinases in human lymphocytes","volume":"82","author":"Schieven","year":"1993","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(00)00356-3","article-title":"Vanadate-induced nitric oxide production: Role in osteoblast growth and differentiation","volume":"400","author":"Cortizo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.173.2.834-841.1991","article-title":"Characterization of vanadate-dependent NADH oxidation stimulated by Saccharomyces cerevisiae plasma membranes","volume":"173","author":"Minasi","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aureliano, M., De Sousa-Coelho, A.L., Dolan, C.C., Roess, D.A., and Crans, D.C. (2023). Biological Consequences of Vanadium Effects on Formation of Reactive Oxygen Species and Lipid Peroxidation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065382"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.4155\/fmc.12.103","article-title":"The potentiality of vanadium in medicinal applications","volume":"4","author":"Rehder","year":"2012","journal-title":"Future Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01680","article-title":"Redox regulation of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B involves a sulphenyl-amide intermediate","volume":"423","author":"Salmeen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2011.01.032","article-title":"How environment affects drug activity: Localization, compartmentalization and reactions of a vanadium insulin-enhancing compound, dipicolinatooxovanadium(V)","volume":"255","author":"Crans","year":"2011","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6419","DOI":"10.1039\/c2dt30521f","article-title":"The anti-diabetic bis(maltolato)oxovanadium(iv) decreases lipid order while increasing insulin receptor localization in membrane microdomains","volume":"41","author":"Winter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dalton Trans."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5037","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-023-03557-8","article-title":"Enzyme PTP-1B Inhibition Studies by Vanadium Metal Complexes: A Kinetic Approach","volume":"201","author":"Shaik","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/21\/15675\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:13:07Z","timestamp":1760130787000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/21\/15675"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]]},"references-count":146,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms242115675"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms242115675","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]]}}}