{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T20:16:07Z","timestamp":1767989767652,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,4]],"date-time":"2023-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Aveiro","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"University of Aveiro","award":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"University of Aveiro","award":["UID\/AMB\/50017\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/AMB\/50017\/2019"]}]},{"name":"University of Aveiro","award":["UIDB\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"University of Aveiro","award":["UIDP\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"University of Aveiro","award":["EXPL\/QUI-QOR\/0586\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EXPL\/QUI-QOR\/0586\/2021"]}]},{"name":"University of Aveiro","award":["UIDB\/50020\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50020\/2020"]}]},{"name":"University of Aveiro","award":["UIDP\/50020\/2020 (LSRE-LCM)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50020\/2020 (LSRE-LCM)"]}]},{"name":"University of Aveiro","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029600\u2014COMPETE2020\u2014FCT\/MCTES\u2014PIDDAC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029600\u2014COMPETE2020\u2014FCT\/MCTES\u2014PIDDAC"]}]},{"name":"University of Aveiro","award":["CDL-CTTRI-048-88-ARH\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CDL-CTTRI-048-88-ARH\/2018"]}]},{"name":"University of Aveiro","award":["CEECINST\/00137\/2018\/CP1520\/CT0022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECINST\/00137\/2018\/CP1520\/CT0022"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES (Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia and Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior)","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES (Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia and Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior)","award":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES (Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia and Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior)","award":["UID\/AMB\/50017\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/AMB\/50017\/2019"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES (Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia and Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior)","award":["UIDB\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES (Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia and Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior)","award":["UIDP\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES (Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia and Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior)","award":["EXPL\/QUI-QOR\/0586\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EXPL\/QUI-QOR\/0586\/2021"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES (Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia and Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior)","award":["UIDB\/50020\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50020\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES (Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia and Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior)","award":["UIDP\/50020\/2020 (LSRE-LCM)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50020\/2020 (LSRE-LCM)"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES (Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia and Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior)","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029600\u2014COMPETE2020\u2014FCT\/MCTES\u2014PIDDAC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029600\u2014COMPETE2020\u2014FCT\/MCTES\u2014PIDDAC"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES (Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia and Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior)","award":["CDL-CTTRI-048-88-ARH\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CDL-CTTRI-048-88-ARH\/2018"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES (Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia and Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior)","award":["CEECINST\/00137\/2018\/CP1520\/CT0022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECINST\/00137\/2018\/CP1520\/CT0022"]}]},{"name":"CESAM","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CESAM","award":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CESAM","award":["UID\/AMB\/50017\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/AMB\/50017\/2019"]}]},{"name":"CESAM","award":["UIDB\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CESAM","award":["UIDP\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CESAM","award":["EXPL\/QUI-QOR\/0586\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EXPL\/QUI-QOR\/0586\/2021"]}]},{"name":"CESAM","award":["UIDB\/50020\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50020\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CESAM","award":["UIDP\/50020\/2020 (LSRE-LCM)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50020\/2020 (LSRE-LCM)"]}]},{"name":"CESAM","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029600\u2014COMPETE2020\u2014FCT\/MCTES\u2014PIDDAC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029600\u2014COMPETE2020\u2014FCT\/MCTES\u2014PIDDAC"]}]},{"name":"CESAM","award":["CDL-CTTRI-048-88-ARH\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CDL-CTTRI-048-88-ARH\/2018"]}]},{"name":"CESAM","award":["CEECINST\/00137\/2018\/CP1520\/CT0022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECINST\/00137\/2018\/CP1520\/CT0022"]}]},{"name":"FEDER","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FEDER","award":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FEDER","award":["UID\/AMB\/50017\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/AMB\/50017\/2019"]}]},{"name":"FEDER","award":["UIDB\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FEDER","award":["UIDP\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FEDER","award":["EXPL\/QUI-QOR\/0586\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EXPL\/QUI-QOR\/0586\/2021"]}]},{"name":"FEDER","award":["UIDB\/50020\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50020\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FEDER","award":["UIDP\/50020\/2020 (LSRE-LCM)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50020\/2020 (LSRE-LCM)"]}]},{"name":"FEDER","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029600\u2014COMPETE2020\u2014FCT\/MCTES\u2014PIDDAC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029600\u2014COMPETE2020\u2014FCT\/MCTES\u2014PIDDAC"]}]},{"name":"FEDER","award":["CDL-CTTRI-048-88-ARH\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CDL-CTTRI-048-88-ARH\/2018"]}]},{"name":"FEDER","award":["CEECINST\/00137\/2018\/CP1520\/CT0022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECINST\/00137\/2018\/CP1520\/CT0022"]}]},{"name":"national funds (OE) through FCT\/MCTES","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"national funds (OE) through FCT\/MCTES","award":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"national funds (OE) through FCT\/MCTES","award":["UID\/AMB\/50017\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/AMB\/50017\/2019"]}]},{"name":"national funds (OE) through FCT\/MCTES","award":["UIDB\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"national funds (OE) through FCT\/MCTES","award":["UIDP\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"national funds (OE) through FCT\/MCTES","award":["EXPL\/QUI-QOR\/0586\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EXPL\/QUI-QOR\/0586\/2021"]}]},{"name":"national funds (OE) through FCT\/MCTES","award":["UIDB\/50020\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50020\/2020"]}]},{"name":"national funds (OE) through FCT\/MCTES","award":["UIDP\/50020\/2020 (LSRE-LCM)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50020\/2020 (LSRE-LCM)"]}]},{"name":"national funds (OE) through FCT\/MCTES","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029600\u2014COMPETE2020\u2014FCT\/MCTES\u2014PIDDAC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029600\u2014COMPETE2020\u2014FCT\/MCTES\u2014PIDDAC"]}]},{"name":"national funds (OE) through FCT\/MCTES","award":["CDL-CTTRI-048-88-ARH\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CDL-CTTRI-048-88-ARH\/2018"]}]},{"name":"national funds (OE) through FCT\/MCTES","award":["CEECINST\/00137\/2018\/CP1520\/CT0022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECINST\/00137\/2018\/CP1520\/CT0022"]}]},{"name":"LA\/P\/0045\/2020 (ALiCE)","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"LA\/P\/0045\/2020 (ALiCE)","award":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"LA\/P\/0045\/2020 (ALiCE)","award":["UID\/AMB\/50017\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/AMB\/50017\/2019"]}]},{"name":"LA\/P\/0045\/2020 (ALiCE)","award":["UIDB\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"LA\/P\/0045\/2020 (ALiCE)","award":["UIDP\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"LA\/P\/0045\/2020 (ALiCE)","award":["EXPL\/QUI-QOR\/0586\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EXPL\/QUI-QOR\/0586\/2021"]}]},{"name":"LA\/P\/0045\/2020 (ALiCE)","award":["UIDB\/50020\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50020\/2020"]}]},{"name":"LA\/P\/0045\/2020 (ALiCE)","award":["UIDP\/50020\/2020 (LSRE-LCM)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50020\/2020 (LSRE-LCM)"]}]},{"name":"LA\/P\/0045\/2020 (ALiCE)","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029600\u2014COMPETE2020\u2014FCT\/MCTES\u2014PIDDAC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029600\u2014COMPETE2020\u2014FCT\/MCTES\u2014PIDDAC"]}]},{"name":"LA\/P\/0045\/2020 (ALiCE)","award":["CDL-CTTRI-048-88-ARH\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CDL-CTTRI-048-88-ARH\/2018"]}]},{"name":"LA\/P\/0045\/2020 (ALiCE)","award":["CEECINST\/00137\/2018\/CP1520\/CT0022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECINST\/00137\/2018\/CP1520\/CT0022"]}]},{"name":"national funds through FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"national funds through FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"national funds through FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["UID\/AMB\/50017\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/AMB\/50017\/2019"]}]},{"name":"national funds through FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["UIDB\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"national funds through FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["UIDP\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"national funds through FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["EXPL\/QUI-QOR\/0586\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EXPL\/QUI-QOR\/0586\/2021"]}]},{"name":"national funds through FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["UIDB\/50020\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50020\/2020"]}]},{"name":"national funds through FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["UIDP\/50020\/2020 (LSRE-LCM)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50020\/2020 (LSRE-LCM)"]}]},{"name":"national funds through FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029600\u2014COMPETE2020\u2014FCT\/MCTES\u2014PIDDAC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029600\u2014COMPETE2020\u2014FCT\/MCTES\u2014PIDDAC"]}]},{"name":"national funds through FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["CDL-CTTRI-048-88-ARH\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CDL-CTTRI-048-88-ARH\/2018"]}]},{"name":"national funds through FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["CEECINST\/00137\/2018\/CP1520\/CT0022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECINST\/00137\/2018\/CP1520\/CT0022"]}]},{"name":"2DMAT4FUEL","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"2DMAT4FUEL","award":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"2DMAT4FUEL","award":["UID\/AMB\/50017\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/AMB\/50017\/2019"]}]},{"name":"2DMAT4FUEL","award":["UIDB\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"2DMAT4FUEL","award":["UIDP\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"2DMAT4FUEL","award":["EXPL\/QUI-QOR\/0586\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EXPL\/QUI-QOR\/0586\/2021"]}]},{"name":"2DMAT4FUEL","award":["UIDB\/50020\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50020\/2020"]}]},{"name":"2DMAT4FUEL","award":["UIDP\/50020\/2020 (LSRE-LCM)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50020\/2020 (LSRE-LCM)"]}]},{"name":"2DMAT4FUEL","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029600\u2014COMPETE2020\u2014FCT\/MCTES\u2014PIDDAC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029600\u2014COMPETE2020\u2014FCT\/MCTES\u2014PIDDAC"]}]},{"name":"2DMAT4FUEL","award":["CDL-CTTRI-048-88-ARH\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CDL-CTTRI-048-88-ARH\/2018"]}]},{"name":"2DMAT4FUEL","award":["CEECINST\/00137\/2018\/CP1520\/CT0022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECINST\/00137\/2018\/CP1520\/CT0022"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"DL 57\/2016\u2014Norma transit\u00f3ria","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"DL 57\/2016\u2014Norma transit\u00f3ria","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"DL 57\/2016\u2014Norma transit\u00f3ria","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/AMB\/50017\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/AMB\/50017\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"DL 57\/2016\u2014Norma transit\u00f3ria","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50017\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"DL 57\/2016\u2014Norma transit\u00f3ria","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50017\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"DL 57\/2016\u2014Norma transit\u00f3ria","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EXPL\/QUI-QOR\/0586\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EXPL\/QUI-QOR\/0586\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"DL 57\/2016\u2014Norma transit\u00f3ria","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50020\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50020\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"DL 57\/2016\u2014Norma transit\u00f3ria","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/50020\/2020 (LSRE-LCM)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50020\/2020 (LSRE-LCM)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"DL 57\/2016\u2014Norma transit\u00f3ria","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029600\u2014COMPETE2020\u2014FCT\/MCTES\u2014PIDDAC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029600\u2014COMPETE2020\u2014FCT\/MCTES\u2014PIDDAC"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"DL 57\/2016\u2014Norma transit\u00f3ria","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CDL-CTTRI-048-88-ARH\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CDL-CTTRI-048-88-ARH\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"DL 57\/2016\u2014Norma transit\u00f3ria","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CEECINST\/00137\/2018\/CP1520\/CT0022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECINST\/00137\/2018\/CP1520\/CT0022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is a critical global health issue and the development of alternatives to conventional antibiotics is of the upmost relevance. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is considered a promising and innovative approach for the photoinactivation of microorganisms, particularly in cases where traditional antibiotics may be less effective due to resistance or other limitations. In this study, two \u03b2-modified monocharged porphyrin-imidazolium derivatives were efficiently incorporated into polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) formulations and supported into graphitic carbon nitride materials. Both porphyrin-imidazolium derivatives displayed remarkable photostability and the ability to generate cytotoxic singlet oxygen. These properties, which have an important impact on achieving an efficient photodynamic effect, were not compromised after incorporation\/immobilization. The prepared PVP-porphyrin formulations and the graphitic carbon nitride-based materials displayed excellent performance as photosensitizers to photoinactivate methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (99.9999% of bacteria) throughout the antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. In each matrix, the most rapid action against S. aureus was observed when using PS 2. The PVP-2 formulation needed 10 min of exposure to white light at 5.0 \u00b5m, while the graphitic carbon nitride hybrid GCNM-2 required 20 min at 25.0 \u00b5m to achieve a similar level of response. These findings suggest the potential of graphitic carbon nitride-porphyrinic hybrids to be used in the environmental or clinical fields, avoiding the use of organic solvents, and might allow for their recovery after treatment, improving their applicability for bacteria photoinactivation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242115970","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,4]],"date-time":"2023-11-04T14:51:01Z","timestamp":1699109461000},"page":"15970","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Efficient Strategies to Use \u03b2-Cationic Porphyrin-Imidazolium Derivatives in the Photoinactivation of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9373-7006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno M. M.","family":"Moura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Xavier","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1155-9961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eliana Sousa","family":"Da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LSRE-LCM\u2014Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s\/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6531-3978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaquim Lu\u00eds","family":"Faria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LSRE-LCM\u2014Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s\/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7953-8166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria G. P. M. S.","family":"Neves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8422-8664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adelaide","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4423-3802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria A. F.","family":"Faustino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3201-0081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana T. P. C.","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2015). Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kashef, N., Huang, Y.-Y.Y., and Hamblin, M.R. (2017). Advances in Antimicrobial Photodynamic Inactivation at the Nanoscale, Walter de Gruyter GmbH.","DOI":"10.1515\/nanoph-2016-0189"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2018.1467876","article-title":"Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy\u2014What we know and what we don\u2019t","volume":"44","author":"Cieplik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.2014.914172","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens: Current and emerging therapeutic approaches","volume":"15","author":"Karaiskos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.3109\/1040841X.2012.716818","article-title":"Drug-resistant microorganisms with a higher fitness\u2014Can medicines boost pathogens?","volume":"39","author":"Vanaerschot","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(05)70295-4","article-title":"The role of nasal carriage in Staphylococcus aureus infections","volume":"5","author":"Wertheim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00134-14","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus infections: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management","volume":"28","author":"Tong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68853-3","article-title":"Emergence and resurgence of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus as a public-health threat","volume":"368","author":"Grundmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamblin, M.R. (2016). Antimicrobial Photodynamic Inactivation: A Bright New Technique to Kill Resistant Microbes, Elsevier Ltd.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2016.06.008"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20150942","article-title":"New photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy","volume":"473","author":"Abrahamse","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2021.108527","article-title":"Antimicrobial photodynamic treatment (aPDT) as an innovative technology to control spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms in agri-food products: An updated review","volume":"132","author":"Brancini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rees, T.W., Ho, P., and Hess, J. (2023). Recent Advances in Metal Complexes for Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy. ChemBioChem, 24.","DOI":"10.1002\/cbic.202200796"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2003.10.002","article-title":"Research advances in the use of tetrapyrrolic photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy","volume":"73","author":"Nyman","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1007\/s11864-023-01120-0","article-title":"Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy by Improved Light Energy Capture Efficiency of Porphyrin Photosensitizers","volume":"24","author":"Tian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Treat. Options Oncol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2248","DOI":"10.6023\/cjoc201205036","article-title":"Research Advances of Porphyrin Photosensitizers in Photodynamic Therapy","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chin. J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2016.06.007","article-title":"Engineering of relevant photodynamic processes through structural modifications of metallotetrapyrrolic photosensitizers","volume":"325","author":"Pucelik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2020.112341","article-title":"Contemporary approaches and future perspectives of antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): A systematic review","volume":"200","author":"Dharmaratne","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kadish, K.M., Smith, K.M., and Guilard, R. (2010). Handbook of Porphyrin Science, World Scientific Publishing Company.","DOI":"10.1142\/7376-vol3"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2020.116380","article-title":"Sustainable synthesis of multifunctional porous metalloporphyrin polymers for efficient carbon dioxide transformation under mild conditions","volume":"232","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2017.10.058","article-title":"New hybrid adsorbent based on porphyrin functionalized silica for heavy metals removal: Synthesis, characterization, isotherms, kinetics and thermodynamics studies","volume":"370","author":"Radi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abiad, C.E.C.E., Radi, S., Faustino, M.A.F., Neves, M.G.P.M.S., and Moura, N.M. (2019). Supramolecular Hybrid Material Based on Engineering Porphyrin Hosts for an Efficient Elimination of Lead(II) from Aquatic Medium. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24040669"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2019.00177","article-title":"Efficient Sunlight Harvesting by A(4) beta-Pyrrolic Substituted Zn-II Porphyrins: A Mini-Review","volume":"7","author":"Biroli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14518","DOI":"10.1039\/C8TA02281J","article-title":"Rational design criteria for D-pi-A structured organic and porphyrin sensitizers for highly efficient dye-sensitized solar cells","volume":"6","author":"Ji","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2017.12.012","article-title":"beta-Substituted Zn-II porphyrins as dyes for DSSC: A possible approach to photovoltaic windows","volume":"358","author":"Biroli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.6b00036","article-title":"Nanoscale Strategies for Light Harvesting","volume":"117","author":"Kundu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12330","DOI":"10.1021\/cr5001964","article-title":"Meso-substituted porphyrins for dye-sensitized solar cells","volume":"114","author":"Urbani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2017.06.008","article-title":"Design and applications of molecular probes containing porphyrin derivatives","volume":"354","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2517","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.6b00361","article-title":"Porphyrinoids for chemical sensor applications","volume":"117","author":"Paolesse","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2203","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.6b00021","article-title":"Development of Ion Chemosensors Based on Porphyrin Analogues","volume":"117","author":"Ding","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2340","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.7b00542","article-title":"Oxygen Reduction by Homogeneous Molecular Catalysts and Electrocatalysts","volume":"118","author":"Pegis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2017.08.079","article-title":"Novel hybrids of graphitic carbon nitride sensitized with free-base meso-tetrakis(carboxyphenyl) porphyrins for efficient visible light photocatalytic hydrogen production","volume":"221","author":"Moura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B Environ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3717","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.6b00299","article-title":"Energy-related small molecule activation reactions: Oxygen reduction and hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions catalyzed by porphyrin- and corrole-based systems","volume":"117","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakagaki, S., Mantovani, K., Sippel Machado, G., Dias de Freitas Castro, K., and Wypych, F. (2016). Recent Advances in Solid Catalysts Obtained by Metalloporphyrins Immobilization on Layered Anionic Exchangers: A Short Review and Some New Catalytic Results. Molecules, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21030291"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2996","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.5b00262","article-title":"Current issues in molecular catalysis illustrated by iron porphyrins as catalysts of the CO2-to-CO electrochemical conversion","volume":"48","author":"Costentin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.6060\/mhc181220t","article-title":"Emerging Perspectives on Applications of Porphyrinoids for Photodynamic Therapy and Photoinactivation of Microorganisms","volume":"12","author":"Torres","year":"2019","journal-title":"Macroheterocycles"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2018.03.020","article-title":"Transition metal complexes as photosensitisers in one- and two-photon photodynamic therapy","volume":"379","author":"McKenzie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2018.06.023","article-title":"Porphyrins and related macrocycles: Combining photosensitization with radio- or optical-imaging for next generation theranostic agents","volume":"23","author":"Sandland","year":"2018","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2016.11.011","article-title":"Metal coordinated pyrrole-based macrocycles as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging technologies: Synthesis and applications","volume":"333","author":"Calvete","year":"2017","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1674-3","article-title":"New \u201clight\u201d for one-world approach toward safe and effective control of animal diseases and insect vectors from leishmaniac perspectives","volume":"9","author":"Chang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vallejo, M.C.S., Moura, N.M.M., Gomes, A.T.P.C., Joaquinito, A.S.M., Faustino, M.A.F., Almeida, A., Gon\u00e7alves, I., Serra, V.V., and Neves, M.G.P.M.S. (2021). The role of porphyrinoid photosensitizers for skin wound healing. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22084121"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2019.02.011","article-title":"Scope of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in Orthodontics and related research: A review","volume":"25","author":"Michelogiannakis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.15171\/jlms.2018.29","article-title":"Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy: An Effective Alternative Approach to Control Bacterial Infections","volume":"9","author":"Mahmoudi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotochemrev.2014.09.003","article-title":"Potential applications of porphyrins in photodynamic inactivation beyond the medical scope","volume":"22","author":"Alves","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. C Photochem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hurst, A.N., Scarbrough, B., Saleh, R., Hovey, J., Ari, F., Goyal, S., Chi, R.J., Troutman, J.M., and Vivero-Escoto, J.L. (2019). Influence of Cationic meso-Substituted Porphyrins on the Antimicrobial Photodynamic Efficacy and Cell Membrane Interaction in Escherichia coli. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20010134"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lebedeva, N.S., Gubarev, Y.A., Koifman, M.O., and Koifman, O.I. (2020). The application of porphyrins and their analogues for inactivation of viruses. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25194368"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1080\/19443994.2014.926461","article-title":"Removal of copper by surface-modified celluloses: Kinetics, equilibrium, and thermodynamics","volume":"55","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Desalin. Water Treat."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s12551-017-0257-7","article-title":"Porphyrin-based cationic amphiphilic photosensitisers as potential anticancer, antimicrobial and immunosuppressive agents","volume":"9","author":"Malatesti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biophys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2019.04.057","article-title":"Porphyrinoid photosensitizers mediated photodynamic inactivation against bacteria","volume":"175","author":"Sobotta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dyepig.2018.06.048","article-title":"Novel \u03b2-functionalized mono-charged porphyrinic derivatives: Synthesis and photoinactivation of Escherichia coli","volume":"160","author":"Moura","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dyes Pigments"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dyepig.2020.108330","article-title":"An insight into the synthesis of cationic porphyrin-imidazole derivatives and their photodynamic inactivation efficiency against Escherichia coli","volume":"178","author":"Moreira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dyes Pigments"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2008.06.004","article-title":"Toward understanding the high PDT efficacy of chlorin e6-polyvinylpyrrolidone formulations: Photophysical and molecular aspects of photosensitizer-polymer interaction in vitro","volume":"92","author":"Isakau","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1080\/09205063.2022.2155778","article-title":"PVP-microneedle array for drug delivery: Mechanical insight, biodegradation, and recent advances","volume":"34","author":"Mangang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2123","DOI":"10.2175\/106143012X13373575830999","article-title":"Removal of Polyvinylpyrrolidone from Wastewater Using Different Methods","volume":"84","author":"Kupec","year":"2012","journal-title":"Water Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2018.09.010","article-title":"Water-soluble polymeric xenobiotics\u2014Polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinylpyrrolidon\u2014And potential solutions to environmental issues: A brief review","volume":"228","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20230011","DOI":"10.1515\/gps-2023-0011","article-title":"Biodegradation of synthetic PVP biofilms using natural materials and nanoparticles","volume":"12","author":"Alzain","year":"2023","journal-title":"Green Process. Synth."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franco, P., and De Marco, I. (2020). The Use of Poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone) in the Delivery of Drugs: A Review. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12051114"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gomes, A.T.P.C., Fernandes, R., Ribeiro, C.F., Tom\u00e9, J.P.C., Neves, M.G.P.M.S., da Silva, F.d.C., Ferreira, V.F., and Cavaleiro, J.A.S. (2020). Synthesis, characterization and photodynamic activity against bladder cancer cells of novel triazole-porphyrin derivatives. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25071607"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gomes, A.T.P.C., Neves, M.G.P.M.S., Fernandes, R., Ribeiro, C.F., Cavaleiro, J.A.S., and Moura, N.M.M. (2021). Unraveling the Photodynamic Activity of Cationic Benzoporphyrin-Based Photosensitizers against Bladder Cancer Cells. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26175312"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mesquita, M.Q., Ferreira, A.R., Maria da Gra\u00e7a, P.M.S., Ribeiro, D., Fardilha, M., and Faustino, M.A. (2021). Photodynamic therapy of prostate cancer using porphyrinic formulations. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol., 223.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2021.112301"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S0939-6411(00)00086-2","article-title":"Local delivery of antimicrobial agents for the treatment of periodontal diseases","volume":"50","author":"Gurny","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-3659(00)00208-X","article-title":"pH-sensitive freeze-dried chitosan-polyvinyl pyrrolidone hydrogels as controlled release system for antibiotic delivery","volume":"68","author":"Risbud","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2019.10.010","article-title":"Evaluation of polyvinylpyrrolidone and block copolymer micelle encapsulation of serine chlorin e6 and chlorin e4 on their reactivity towards albumin and transferrin and their cell uptake","volume":"316","author":"Gjuroski","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1002\/cphc.201701318","article-title":"How Does the Encapsulation of Porphyrinic Photosensitizers into Polymer Matrices Affect Their Self-Association and Dynamic Properties?","volume":"19","author":"Gjuroski","year":"2018","journal-title":"ChemPhysChem"},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Pehlivan, E.G., Ek, Y., Topkaya, D., Tazebay, U.H., and Dumoulin, F. (2020). Porphyrin Science by Women (In 3 Volumes), World Scientific Publishing Co."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dyepig.2020.108476","article-title":"Versatile thiopyridyl\/pyridinone porphyrins combined with potassium iodide and thiopyridinium\/methoxypyridinium porphyrins on E. coli photoinactivation","volume":"181","author":"Calmeiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dyes Pigment."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2852(61)90236-3","article-title":"Spectra of porphyrins","volume":"6","author":"Gouterman","year":"1961","journal-title":"J. Mol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotochem.2010.06.007","article-title":"Excited-state absorption investigation of a cationic porphyrin derivative","volume":"214","author":"Maximiano","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. A Chem."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2020.101059","article-title":"Two-dimensional nanomaterials with engineered bandgap: Synthesis, properties, applications","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nano Today"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2021.213947","article-title":"Strategies to extend near-infrared light harvest of polymer carbon nitride photocatalysts","volume":"439","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2021.213906","article-title":"Recent progress and perspectives in heterogeneous photocatalytic CO2 reduction through a solid\u2013gas mode","volume":"438","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"032008","DOI":"10.1088\/2515-7655\/abda9b","article-title":"Alkali\/alkaline-earth metal intercalated g-C3N4 induced charge redistribution and optimized photocatalysis: Status and challenges","volume":"3","author":"Cui","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Phys. Energy"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100146","DOI":"10.1002\/adom.202100146","article-title":"Harnessing the Potential of Graphitic Carbon Nitride for Optoelectronic Applications","volume":"9","author":"Hoh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Opt. Mater."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.128663","article-title":"A critical review of g-C3N4-based photocatalytic membrane for water purification","volume":"412","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2006851","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202006851","article-title":"Point-Defect Engineering: Leveraging Imperfections in Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C3N4) Photocatalysts toward Artificial Photosynthesis","volume":"17","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1007\/s11708-021-0737-0","article-title":"State-of-the-art progress in overall water splitting of carbon nitride based photocatalysts","volume":"15","author":"Luo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Energy"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vallejo, M.C.S., Moura, N.M.M., Ferreira Faustino, M.A., Almeida, A., Gon\u00e7alves, I., Serra, V.V., and Neves, M.G.P.M.S. (2020). An Insight into the Role of Non-Porphyrinoid Photosensitizers for Skin Wound Healing. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22010234"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1904619","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201904619","article-title":"Photocatalytically Active Graphitic Carbon Nitride as an Effective and Safe 2D Material for In Vitro and In Vivo Photodynamic Therapy","volume":"16","author":"Taheri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2018.04.035","article-title":"Visible-light-driven dynamic cancer therapy and imaging using graphitic carbon nitride nanoparticles","volume":"90","author":"Heo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7908","DOI":"10.1039\/C8TB02535E","article-title":"Graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets as a multifunctional nanoplatform for photochemical internalization-enhanced photodynamic therapy","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8000","DOI":"10.1039\/C6TB02232D","article-title":"NIR-driven graphitic-phase carbon nitride nanosheets for efficient bioimaging and photodynamic therapy","volume":"4","author":"Feng","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11467","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201605509","article-title":"Copper(II)\u2013Graphitic Carbon Nitride Triggered Synergy: Improved ROS Generation and Reduced Glutathione Levels for Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy","volume":"55","author":"Ju","year":"2016","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7159","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.6b00075","article-title":"Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C3N4)-Based Photocatalysts for Artificial Photosynthesis and Environmental Remediation: Are We a Step Closer To Achieving Sustainability?","volume":"116","author":"Ong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcat.2017.06.030","article-title":"Graphitic carbon nitride modified by thermal, chemical and mechanical processes as metal-free photocatalyst for the selective synthesis of benzaldehyde from benzyl alcohol","volume":"353","author":"Lima","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Catal."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1734","DOI":"10.1039\/C4DT03194F","article-title":"A \u201cclick-chemistry\u201d approach for the synthesis of porphyrin dyads as sensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cells","volume":"44","author":"Nikolaou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dalt. Trans."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonnett, R. (2000). Chemical Aspects of Photodynamic Therapy, Gordon and Breach Science Publishers.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781482296952"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kadish, K.M., Smith, K.M., and Guilard, R. (2012). Handbook of Porphyrin Science, World Scientific Publishing Company.","DOI":"10.1142\/8040-vol19"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Entradas, T., Waldron, S., and Volk, M. (2020). The detection sensitivity of commonly used singlet oxygen probes in aqueous environments. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol., 204.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2020.111787"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1063\/1.555965","article-title":"Rate Constants for the Decay and Reactions of the Lowest Electronically Excited Singlet State of Molecular Oxygen in Solution. An Expanded and Revised Compilation","volume":"24","author":"Wilkinson","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1978.tb06976.x","article-title":"Photochemical formation of metastable species from 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran","volume":"28","author":"Singh","year":"1978","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1409(199803\/04)2:2<145::AID-JPP60>3.0.CO;2-2","article-title":"Singlet oxygen quantum yields of different photosensitizers in polar solvents and micellar solutions","volume":"2","author":"Spiller","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Porphyr. Phthalocyanines"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2021.635344","article-title":"Photodynamic Antimicrobial Chemotherapy: Advancements in Porphyrin-Based Photosensitize Development","volume":"9","author":"Oyim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10156","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c00298","article-title":"Smart Hydrogel-Based DVDMS\/bFGF Nanohybrids for Antibacterial Phototherapy with Multiple Damaging Sites and Accelerated Wound Healing","volume":"12","author":"Mai","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900132","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201900132","article-title":"Photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy","volume":"8","author":"Lan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/1011-1344(95)07241-1","article-title":"Photophysical and photochemical properties of potential porphyrin and chlorin photosensitizers for PDT","volume":"33","author":"Zenkevich","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25188","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.5b07059","article-title":"Relationship between Carbon Nitride Structure and Exciton Binding Energies: A DFT Perspective","volume":"119","author":"Melissen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4087","DOI":"10.1039\/C7SC00307B","article-title":"Insights into the excitonic processes in polymeric photocatalysts","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4737","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.6b12273","article-title":"Giant Electron-Hole Interactions in Confined Layered Structures for Molecular Oxygen Activation","volume":"139","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcat.2018.03.006","article-title":"Functionalizing carbon nitride with heavy atom-free spin converters for enhanced 1O2 generation","volume":"361","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Catal."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cclet.2020.07.033","article-title":"Efficient singlet oxygen generation by excitonic energy transfer on ultrathin g-C3N4 for selective photocatalytic oxidation of methyl-phenyl-sulfide with O2","volume":"31","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.4155\/fmc-2016-0217","article-title":"An effective and potentially safe blood disinfection protocol using tetrapyrrolic photosensitizers","volume":"9","author":"Marciel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Future Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2020.101754","article-title":"Photodynamic inactivation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus on skin using a porphyrinic formulation","volume":"30","author":"Braz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2022.05.285","article-title":"Graphitic carbon nitride\/few-layer graphene heterostructures for enhanced visible-LED photocatalytic hydrogen generation","volume":"47","author":"Boumeriame","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrog. Energy"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotochemrev.2016.06.001","article-title":"Enhancement of catalytic activity and oxidative ability for graphitic carbon nitride","volume":"28","author":"Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. C Photochem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bartolomeu, M., Rocha, S., Cunha, \u00c2., Neves, M.G.P.M.S., Faustino, M.A.F., and Almeida, A. (2016). Effect of Photodynamic Therapy on the Virulence Factors of Staphylococcus aureus. Front. Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00267"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7133","DOI":"10.1021\/nn1026092","article-title":"Functional cationic nanomagnet\u2014Porphyrin hybrids for the photoinactivation of microorganisms","volume":"4","author":"Carvalho","year":"2010","journal-title":"ACS Nano"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/21\/15970\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:17:39Z","timestamp":1760131059000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/21\/15970"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,4]]},"references-count":105,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms242115970"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms242115970","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,4]]}}}