{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T06:19:54Z","timestamp":1772000394502,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,29]],"date-time":"2023-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701216000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"scope of the project CICECO\u2014Aveiro Institute of Materials","award":["UIDB\/50011\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50011\/2020"]}]},{"name":"scope of the project CICECO\u2014Aveiro Institute of Materials","award":["UIDP\/50011\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50011\/2020"]}]},{"name":"scope of the project CICECO\u2014Aveiro Institute of Materials","award":["LA\/P\/0006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"scope of the project CICECO\u2014Aveiro Institute of Materials","award":["PIDDAC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIDDAC"]}]},{"name":"scope of the project CICECO\u2014Aveiro Institute of Materials","award":["UIDP\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"scope of the project CICECO\u2014Aveiro Institute of Materials","award":["UIDB\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"scope of the project CICECO\u2014Aveiro Institute of Materials","award":["LA\/P\/0094\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0094\/2020"]}]},{"name":"scope of the project CICECO\u2014Aveiro Institute of Materials","award":["022161"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["022161"]}]},{"name":"national funds through the FCT\/MEC","award":["UIDB\/50011\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50011\/2020"]}]},{"name":"national funds through the FCT\/MEC","award":["UIDP\/50011\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50011\/2020"]}]},{"name":"national funds through the FCT\/MEC","award":["LA\/P\/0006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"national funds through the FCT\/MEC","award":["PIDDAC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIDDAC"]}]},{"name":"national funds through the FCT\/MEC","award":["UIDP\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"national funds through the FCT\/MEC","award":["UIDB\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"national funds through the FCT\/MEC","award":["LA\/P\/0094\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0094\/2020"]}]},{"name":"national funds through the FCT\/MEC","award":["022161"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["022161"]}]},{"name":"CESAM","award":["UIDB\/50011\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50011\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CESAM","award":["UIDP\/50011\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50011\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CESAM","award":["LA\/P\/0006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CESAM","award":["PIDDAC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIDDAC"]}]},{"name":"CESAM","award":["UIDP\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CESAM","award":["UIDB\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CESAM","award":["LA\/P\/0094\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0094\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CESAM","award":["022161"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["022161"]}]},{"name":"Infrastructure Project","award":["UIDB\/50011\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50011\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Infrastructure Project","award":["UIDP\/50011\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50011\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Infrastructure Project","award":["LA\/P\/0006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Infrastructure Project","award":["PIDDAC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIDDAC"]}]},{"name":"Infrastructure Project","award":["UIDP\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Infrastructure Project","award":["UIDB\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Infrastructure Project","award":["LA\/P\/0094\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0094\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Infrastructure Project","award":["022161"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["022161"]}]},{"name":"FEDER through COMPETE 2020, POCI, and PORL and FCT through PIDDAC","award":["UIDB\/50011\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50011\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FEDER through COMPETE 2020, POCI, and PORL and FCT through PIDDAC","award":["UIDP\/50011\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50011\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FEDER through COMPETE 2020, POCI, and PORL and FCT through PIDDAC","award":["LA\/P\/0006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FEDER through COMPETE 2020, POCI, and PORL and FCT through PIDDAC","award":["PIDDAC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIDDAC"]}]},{"name":"FEDER through COMPETE 2020, POCI, and PORL and FCT through PIDDAC","award":["UIDP\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FEDER through COMPETE 2020, POCI, and PORL and FCT through PIDDAC","award":["UIDB\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FEDER through COMPETE 2020, POCI, and PORL and FCT through PIDDAC","award":["LA\/P\/0094\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0094\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FEDER through COMPETE 2020, POCI, and PORL and FCT through PIDDAC","award":["022161"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["022161"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) with diameters below 10 \u00b5m (PM10) may enter the lungs through inhalation and are linked to various negative health consequences. Emergent evidence emphasizes the significance of cell metabolism as a sensitive target of PM exposure. However, the current understanding of the relationship between PM composition, conventional toxicity measures, and the rewiring of intracellular metabolic processes remains limited. In this work, PM10 sampled at a residential area (urban background, UB) and a traffic-impacted location (roadside, RS) of a Portuguese city was comprehensively characterized in terms of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and plasticizers. Epithelial lung cells (A549) were then exposed for 72 h to PM10 organic extracts and different biological outcomes were assessed. UB and RS PM10 extracts dose-dependently decreased cell viability, induced reactive oxygen species (ROS), decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, caused cell cycle arrest at the G0\/G1 phase, and modulated the intracellular metabolic profile. Interestingly, the RS sample, richer in particularly toxic PAHs and plasticizers, had a greater metabolic impact than the UB extract. Changes comprised significant increases in glutathione, reflecting activation of antioxidant defences to counterbalance ROS production, together with increases in lactate, NAD+, and ATP, which suggest stimulation of glycolytic energy production, possibly to compensate for reduced mitochondrial activity. Furthermore, a number of other metabolic variations hinted at changes in membrane turnover and TCA cycle dynamics, which represent novel clues on potential PM10 biological effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242316896","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,29]],"date-time":"2023-11-29T03:48:24Z","timestamp":1701229704000},"page":"16896","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Biological Impact of Organic Extracts from Urban-Air Particulate Matter: An In Vitro Study of Cytotoxic and Metabolic Effects in Lung Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Tatiana D.","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, CICECO\u2014Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Biology, CESAM\u2014Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3231-3186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9lia","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment and Planning, CESAM\u2014Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4673-0696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, CESAM\u2014Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4289-9256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iola F.","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, CICECO\u2014Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.19.245704","article-title":"Air quality standards for the concentration of particulate matter 2.5, global descriptive analysis","volume":"99","author":"Nazarenko","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thangavel, P., Park, D., and Lee, Y.-C. (2022). Recent Insights into Particulate Matter (PM2.5)-Mediated Toxicity in Humans: An Overview. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19127511"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2016.09.004","article-title":"Environmental nanoparticles are significantly over-expressed in acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"50","author":"Visani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Leuk. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-023-06278-9","article-title":"Toxicological Effects of Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5): Health Risks and Associated Systemic Injuries\u2014Systematic Review","volume":"234","author":"Garcia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-014-0022-z","article-title":"Ambient Coarse Particulate Matter and Human Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"1","author":"Adar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Environ. Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1080\/01902140303762","article-title":"Response of human alveolar macrophages to ultrafine, fine, and coarse urban air pollution particles","volume":"29","author":"Becker","year":"2003","journal-title":"Exp. Lung Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.10.002","article-title":"Inflammatory effects of coarse and fine particulate matter in relation to chemical and biological constituents","volume":"195","author":"Schins","year":"2004","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.4046\/trd.2019.0025","article-title":"Particulate-Matter Related Respiratory Diseases","volume":"83","author":"Kyung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tuberc. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43322","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.17313","article-title":"Relationship between exposure to PM2.5 and lung cancer incidence and mortality: A meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexmp.2015.08.005","article-title":"Mitochondrial OGG1 protects against PM2.5 induced oxidative DNA damage in BEAS-2B cells","volume":"99","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s11869-021-01088-6","article-title":"Viral respiratory infections and air pollutants","volume":"15","author":"Zapata","year":"2022","journal-title":"Air Qual. Atmos. Health"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"97","article-title":"NO2 and PM2.5 air pollution co-exposure and temperature effect modification on pre-mature mortality in advanced age: A longitudinal cohort study in China","volume":"21","author":"Ji","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Health Glob. Access Sci. Source"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e075203","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2023-075203","article-title":"Interactive effects of ambient fine particulate matter and ozone on daily mortality in 372 cities: Two stage time series analysis","volume":"383","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, L., Zhang, H., Zhang, X., Xing, W., Wang, Y., Bai, P., Zhang, L., Hayakawa, K., Toriba, A., and Tang, N. (2021). Exposure to Atmospheric Particulate Matter-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Their Health Effects: A Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18042177"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpe.2015.03.011","article-title":"A review on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Source, environmental impact, effect on human health and remediation","volume":"25","author":"Mansour","year":"2016","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Pet."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.118349","article-title":"Toxicity and endocrine-disrupting potential of PM2.5: Association with particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, phthalate esters, and heavy metals","volume":"292","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Hussain, K., Hoque, R.R., Balachandran, S., Medhi, S., Idris, M.G., Rahman, M., and Hussain, F.L. (2018). Handbook of Environmental Materials Management, Springer."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Baan, R.A., Stewart, B.W., and Straif, K. (2019). Tumour Site Concordance and Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis, IARC Scientific Publications. Chapter 7."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.145770","article-title":"Inhalation bioacessibility and absorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in indoor PM2.5 and its implication in risk assessment","volume":"774","author":"Luo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vicente, E.D., Vicente, A., Nunes, T., Calvo, A., del Blanco-Alegre, C., Oduber, F., Castro, A., Fraile, R., Amato, F., and Alves, C. (2019). Household Dust: Loadings and PM10-Bound Plasticizers and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Atmosphere, 10.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201910.0353.v1"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apr.2021.101261","article-title":"Human health risk assessment for PAHs, phthalates, elements, PCDD\/Fs, and DL-PCBs in PM2.5 and for NMVOCs in two East-Mediterranean urban sites under industrial influence","volume":"13","author":"Fadel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atmos. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.2017.03.0109","article-title":"PM2.5-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), Oxygenated-PAHs and Phthalate Esters (PAEs) inside and outside Middle School Classrooms in Xi\u2019an, China: Concentration, Characteristics and Health Risk Assessment","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aerosol Air Qual. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2014.11.003","article-title":"Plasticizer endocrine disruption: Highlighting developmental and reproductive effects in mammals and non-mammalian aquatic species","volume":"219","author":"Wallace","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.3109\/10408444.2013.766149","article-title":"Reproductive and developmental effects of phthalate diesters in females","volume":"43","author":"Kay","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.113239","article-title":"Phthalate biomarkers and associations with respiratory symptoms and healthcare utilization among low-income urban children with asthma","volume":"212","author":"Matsui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.08.076","article-title":"Cell death pathways of particulate matter toxicity","volume":"188","author":"Peixoto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.117313","article-title":"Airborne particulate matter induces oxidative damage, DNA adduct formation and alterations in DNA repair pathways","volume":"287","author":"Chirino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"1","article-title":"Air pollution causing oxidative stress","volume":"20\u201321","author":"Leni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2018.04.004","article-title":"Biological effects of airborne fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure on pulmonary immune system","volume":"60","author":"Wei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2013.03.002","article-title":"Oxidative DNA damage and inflammatory responses in cultured human cells and in humans exposed to traffic-related particles","volume":"217","author":"Vattanasit","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2051","DOI":"10.1007\/s11869-022-01236-6","article-title":"Metabolic dysregulations underlying the pulmonary toxicity of atmospheric fine particulate matter: Focus on energy-producing pathways and lipid metabolism","volume":"15","author":"Silva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Air Qual. Atmos. Health"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ara\u00fajo, A.M., Carvalho, F., de Pinho, P., and Carvalho, M. (2021). Toxicometabolomics: Small Molecules to Answer Big Toxicological Questions. Metabolites, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo11100692"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2014.09.002","article-title":"Metabolomics in cell culture-A strategy to study crucial metabolic pathways in cancer development and the response to treatment","volume":"564","author":"Halama","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.110896","article-title":"Integrated metabolomics and lipidomics reveals high accumulation of polyunsaturated lysoglycerophospholipids in human lung fibroblasts exposed to fine particulate matter","volume":"202","author":"Shon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.10.033","article-title":"Inhibition of ATP citrate lyase (ACLY) protects airway epithelia from PM2.5-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition","volume":"167","author":"Fu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31656","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-3111-y","article-title":"Nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomic investigation reveals metabolic perturbations in PM2.5-treated A549 cells","volume":"25","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.11.108","article-title":"Omics approach reveals metabolic disorders associated with the cytotoxicity of airborne particulate matter in human lung carcinoma cells","volume":"246","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.10.171","article-title":"Mass spectrometry-based metabolomics reveals the mechanism of ambient fine particulate matter and its components on energy metabolic reprogramming in BEAS-2B cells","volume":"651","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.127573","article-title":"Multi-omics analysis to reveal disorders of cell metabolism and integrin signaling pathways induced by PM2.5","volume":"424","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74500","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-20506-5","article-title":"Metabolic profiling disturbance of PM2.5 revealed by Raman spectroscopy and mass spectrometry-based nontargeted metabolomics","volume":"29","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.06.065","article-title":"In-vitro metabolomics to evaluate toxicity of particulate matter under environmentally realistic conditions","volume":"209","author":"Cuykx","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villasclaras, P., Ja\u00e9n, C., van Drooge, B.L., Grimalt, J.O., Tauler, R., and Bedia, C. (2022). Phenotypic and Metabolomic Characterization of 3D Lung Cell Cultures Exposed to Airborne Particulate Matter from Three Air Quality Network Stations in Catalonia. Toxics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics10110632"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2016.03.051","article-title":"Physico-chemical properties and toxicity of alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons","volume":"312","author":"Kang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.09.134","article-title":"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in indoor dust samples from Cities of Jeddah and Kuwait: Levels, sources and non-dietary human exposure","volume":"573","author":"Ali","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patel, A.B., Shaikh, S., Jain, K.R., Desai, C., and Madamwar, D. (2020). Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Sources, Toxicity, and Remediation Approaches. Front. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.562813"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Figueiredo, D., Vicente, E.D., Vicente, A., Gon\u00e7alves, C., Lopes, I., Alves, C.A., and Oliveira, H. (2023). Toxicological and Mutagenic Effects of Particulate Matter from Domestic Activities. Toxics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11060505"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s11869-021-01116-5","article-title":"Cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of particulate matter from the open burning of pruning wastes","volume":"15","author":"Vicente","year":"2022","journal-title":"Air Qual. Atmos. Health"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146820","article-title":"In vitro toxicity of indoor and outdoor PM10 from residential wood combustion","volume":"782","author":"Vicente","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2021.06.008","article-title":"In vitro toxicity of particulate matter emissions from residential pellet combustion","volume":"115","author":"Vicente","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2008.01.028","article-title":"The role of oxidative stress in ambient particulate matter-induced lung diseases and its implications in the toxicity of engineered nanoparticles","volume":"44","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s10565-013-9242-5","article-title":"PM2.5 induces Nrf2-mediated defense mechanisms against oxidative stress by activating PIK3\/AKT signaling pathway in human lung alveolar epithelial A549 cells","volume":"29","author":"Deng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Biol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2016.03.022","article-title":"Water soluble and insoluble components of urban PM2.5 and their cytotoxic effects on epithelial cells (A549) in vitro","volume":"212","author":"Zou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.01.006","article-title":"Kinetics of ROS generation induced by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organic extracts from ambient air particulate matter in model human lung cell lines","volume":"827","author":"Libalova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mutat. Res.\/Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10937","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-11024-3","article-title":"Biomass burning in the Amazon region causes DNA damage and cell death in human lung cells","volume":"7","author":"Vessoni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-020-00360-4","article-title":"Toxicity of particles emitted by fireworks","volume":"17","author":"Hickey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Part. Fibre Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.110223","article-title":"Cytotoxicity and toxicoproteomic analyses of human lung epithelial cells exposed to extracts of atmospheric particulate matters on PTFE filters using acetone and water","volume":"191","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1021\/tx980143n","article-title":"Dihydrodiol dehydrogenases and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon activation: Generation of reactive and redox active o-quinones","volume":"12","author":"Penning","year":"1999","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-022-00371-7","article-title":"Environmental Chemical Exposures and Mitochondrial Dysfunction: A Review of Recent Literature","volume":"9","author":"Reddam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Environ. Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1080\/08958370701496202","article-title":"Genotoxicity of poorly soluble particles","volume":"19","author":"Schins","year":"2007","journal-title":"Inhal. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2016.04.072","article-title":"Atmospheric particulate matter (PM10) exposure-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis evasion through STAT3 activation via PKC\u03b6 and Src kinases in lung cells","volume":"214","author":"Chirino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.122747","article-title":"Mechanism of PM2.5-induced human bronchial epithelial cell toxicity in central China","volume":"396","author":"Duan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.118464","article-title":"Biomass-related PM2.5 induces mitochondrial fragmentation and dysfunction in human airway epithelial cells","volume":"292","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.09.062","article-title":"Air pollution-derived PM2.5 impairs mitochondrial function in healthy and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseased human bronchial epithelial cells","volume":"243","author":"Leclercq","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.122608","article-title":"PM2.5 triggered apoptosis in lung epithelial cells through the mitochondrial apoptotic way mediated by a ROS-DRP1-mitochondrial fission axis","volume":"397","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.01.436","article-title":"Nrf2 protects against diverse PM2.5 components-induced mitochondrial oxidative damage in lung cells","volume":"669","author":"Pardo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105830","article-title":"Mitochondrial alterations triggered by repeated exposure to fine (PM2.5-0.18) and quasi-ultrafine (PM0.18) fractions of ambient particulate matter","volume":"142","author":"Sotty","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2019.03.086","article-title":"PM2.5 induces EMT and promotes CSC properties by activating Notch pathway in vivo and vitro","volume":"178","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137432","article-title":"PM2.5 exposure perturbs lung microbiome and its metabolic profile in mice","volume":"721","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"1067","article-title":"Lung glutathione and oxidative stress: Implications in cigarette smoke-induced airway disease","volume":"277","author":"Rahman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1021\/tx020022u","article-title":"Contribution of Glutathione and Metallothioneins to Protection against Copper Toxicity and Redox Cycling:\u2009 Quantitative Analysis Using MT+\/+ and MT\u2212\/\u2212 Mouse Lung Fibroblast Cells","volume":"15","author":"Jiang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12797","DOI":"10.1021\/jp2025413","article-title":"Association of Glutathione Level and Cytotoxicity of Gold Nanoparticles in Lung Cancer Cells","volume":"115","author":"Zhao","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Surai, P.F., Earle-Payne, K., and Kidd, M.T. (2021). Taurine as a Natural Antioxidant: From Direct Antioxidant Effects to Protective Action in Various Toxicological Models. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10121876"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2022.119293","article-title":"Impact of biomass burning and non-exhaust vehicle emissions on PM10 levels in a mid-size non-industrial western Iberian city","volume":"289","author":"Pio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2011.08.045","article-title":"OC\/EC ratio observations in Europe: Re-thinking the approach for apportionment between primary and secondary organic carbon","volume":"45","author":"Pio","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2021.105837","article-title":"Morphological properties, chemical composition, cancer risks and toxicological potential of airborne particles from traffic and urban background sites","volume":"264","author":"Alves","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2023.119736","article-title":"Effects of particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from different traffic sources on human alveolar epithelial cell line A549","volume":"303","author":"Alves","year":"2023","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1080\/17435390.2016.1177744","article-title":"Metabolomics of silver nanoparticles toxicity in HaCaT cells: Structure\u2013activity relationships and role of ionic silver and oxidative stress","volume":"10","author":"Carrola","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanotoxicology"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/23\/16896\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:33:17Z","timestamp":1760131997000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/23\/16896"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,29]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms242316896"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms242316896","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,29]]}}}