{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:33:14Z","timestamp":1760142794131,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,3]],"date-time":"2024-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704240000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior (CICS-UBI)","award":["UIDB\/00709\/2020","UIDP\/00709\/2020","2021.07367.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00709\/2020","UIDP\/00709\/2020","2021.07367.BD"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["UIDB\/00709\/2020","UIDP\/00709\/2020","2021.07367.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00709\/2020","UIDP\/00709\/2020","2021.07367.BD"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Propolis is a natural resin produced by honeybees with plenty of pharmacologic properties, including antioxidant activity. Oxidative stress disrupts germ cell development and sperm function, with demonstrated harmful effects on male reproduction. Several natural antioxidants have been shown to reduce oxidative damage and increase sperm fertility potential; however, little is known about the effects of propolis. This work evaluated the role of propolis in protecting spermatogonial cells from oxidative damage. Propolis\u2019 phytochemical composition and antioxidant potential were determined, and mouse GC-1spg spermatogonial cells were treated with 0.1\u2013500 \u00b5g\/mL propolis (12\u201348 h) in the presence or absence of an oxidant stimulus (tert-butyl hydroperoxide, TBHP, 0.005\u20133.6 \u00b5g\/mL, 12 h). Cytotoxicity was assessed by MTT assays and proliferation by Ki-67 immunocytochemistry. Apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and antioxidant defenses were evaluated colorimetrically. Propolis presented high phenolic and flavonoid content and moderate antioxidant activity, increasing the viability of GC-1spg cells and counteracting TBHP\u2019s effects on viability and proliferation. Additionally, propolis reduced ROS levels in GC-1spg, regardless of the presence of TBHP. Propolis decreased caspase-3 and increased glutathione peroxidase activity in TBHP-treated GC-1spg cells. The present study shows the protective action of propolis against oxidative damage in spermatogonia, opening the possibility of exploiting its benefits to male fertility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25010614","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,3]],"date-time":"2024-01-03T05:50:38Z","timestamp":1704261038000},"page":"614","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Propolis Protects GC-1spg Spermatogonial Cells against Tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide-Induced Oxidative Damage"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Filipa","family":"Duarte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CICS-UBI\u2014Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5330-5276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana","family":"Feij\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICS-UBI\u2014Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0712-6522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c2ngelo","family":"Lu\u00eds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICS-UBI\u2014Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8181-488X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00edlvia","family":"Socorro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICS-UBI\u2014Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5658-5445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cl\u00e1udio J.","family":"Maia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICS-UBI\u2014Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Correia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICS-UBI\u2014Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemphyslip.2017.04.005","article-title":"Biological properties of propolis extracts: Something new from an ancient product","volume":"207","author":"Zabaiou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. 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