{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T17:56:35Z","timestamp":1775152595890,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,27]],"date-time":"2024-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"national funds through the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology\/MCTES","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00709\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00709\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"national funds through the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology\/MCTES","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/00709\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00709\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bismuth compounds are considered relatively non-toxic, with their low solubility in aqueous solutions (e.g., biological fluids) being the major contributing factor to this property. Bismuth derivatives are widely used for the treatment of peptic ulcers, functional dyspepsia, and chronic gastritis. Moreover, the properties of bismuth compounds have also been extensively explored in two main fields of action: antimicrobial and anticancer. Despite the clinical interest of bismuth-based drugs, several side effects have also been reported. In fact, excessive acute ingestion of bismuth, or abuse for an extended period of time, can lead to toxicity. However, evidence has demonstrated that the discontinuation of these compounds usually reverses their toxic effects. Notwithstanding, the continuously growing use of bismuth products suggests that it is indeed part of our environment and our daily lives, which urges a more in-depth review and investigation into its possible undesired activities. Therefore, this review aims to update the pharmaco-toxicological properties of bismuth compounds. A special focus will be given to in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies exploring their toxicity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25031600","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]],"date-time":"2024-01-29T04:57:07Z","timestamp":1706504227000},"page":"1600","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Bioactive Bismuth Compounds: Is Their Toxicity a Barrier to Therapeutic Use?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2423-3816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c2ngela","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CICS-UBI\u2014Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6201-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7649-7418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana","family":"Matias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICS-UBI\u2014Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6201-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jorge A. R.","family":"Salvador","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"CNC\u2014Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4297-5108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel","family":"Silvestre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICS-UBI\u2014Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6201-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"CNC\u2014Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1038\/nchem.609","article-title":"Green Bismuth","volume":"2","author":"Mohan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3277","DOI":"10.1021\/cr980083q","article-title":"Structural Chemistry of Bismuth Compounds. I. Organobismuth Derivatives","volume":"99","author":"Silvestru","year":"1999","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Suzuki, H., and Ogawa, T. (2001). 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