{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T18:14:29Z","timestamp":1775499269853,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]],"date-time":"2024-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology\/MCTES"},{"name":"the CICS-UBI projects"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This review emphasises the importance of opioid monitoring in clinical practice and advocates for a personalised approach based on pharmacogenetics. Beyond effectively managing pain, meticulous oversight is required to address concerns about side effects, specially due to opioid-crisis-related abuse and dependence. Various monitoring techniques, along with pharmacogenetic considerations, are critical for personalising treatment and optimising pain relief while reducing misuse and addiction risks. Future perspectives reveal both opportunities and challenges, with advances in analytical technologies holding promise for increasing monitoring efficiency. The integration of pharmacogenetics has the potential to transform pain management by allowing for a precise prediction of drug responses. Nevertheless, challenges such as prominent pharmacogenetic testing and guideline standardisation persist. Collaborative efforts are critical for transforming scientific advances into tangible improvements in patient care. Standardised protocols and interdisciplinary collaboration are required to ensure consistent and evidence-based opioid monitoring. Future research should look into the long-term effects of opioid therapy, as well as the impact of genetic factors on individual responses, to help guide personalised treatment plans and reduce adverse events. Lastly, embracing innovation and collaboration can improve the standard of care in chronic pain management by striking a balance between pain relief and patient safety.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25115925","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]],"date-time":"2024-05-29T03:38:30Z","timestamp":1716953910000},"page":"5925","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Opioid Monitoring in Clinical Settings: Strategies and Implications of Tailored Approaches for Therapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0461-8540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luana M.","family":"Rosendo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de F\u00e1rmaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, EM506, 6200-000 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0469-2895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago","family":"Rosado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de F\u00e1rmaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, EM506, 6200-000 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro Acad\u00e9mico Cl\u00ednico das Beiras (CACB), Grupo de Problemas Relacionados com Toxicofilias, 6200-000 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7606-9675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Zandonai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacogenetic Unit, Clinical Pharmacology Department, Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Dr. Balmis General University Hospital, 03010 Alicante, Spain"},{"name":"Addiction Science Lab, Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, 38060 Trento, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Paediatrics and Organic Chemistry, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03550 Alicante, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3795-7290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karem","family":"Rincon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacogenetic Unit, Clinical Pharmacology Department, Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Dr. Balmis General University Hospital, 03010 Alicante, Spain"},{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Department of Health of Alicante, University General Hospital Dr. Balmis, 03010 Alicante, Spain"}]},{"given":"Ana M.","family":"Peir\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacogenetic Unit, Clinical Pharmacology Department, Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Dr. Balmis General University Hospital, 03010 Alicante, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Paediatrics and Organic Chemistry, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03550 Alicante, Spain"},{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Department of Health of Alicante, University General Hospital Dr. Balmis, 03010 Alicante, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8848-2734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rio","family":"Barroso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Qu\u00edmica e Toxicologia Forenses, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ci\u00eancias Forenses-Delega\u00e7\u00e3o do Sul, 1169-201 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1802-8998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugenia","family":"Gallardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de F\u00e1rmaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, EM506, 6200-000 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro Acad\u00e9mico Cl\u00ednico das Beiras (CACB), Grupo de Problemas Relacionados com Toxicofilias, 6200-000 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.3390\/neurolint12030014","article-title":"Chronic Pain Treatment Strategies in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"12","author":"Edinoff","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol. 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