{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]],"date-time":"2025-12-06T17:18:44Z","timestamp":1765041524254,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]],"date-time":"2024-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/00100\/2020","UIDP\/00100\/2020","LA\/P\/0056\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00100\/2020","UIDP\/00100\/2020","LA\/P\/0056\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Institute of Molecular Sciences","award":["UIDB\/00100\/2020","UIDP\/00100\/2020","LA\/P\/0056\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00100\/2020","UIDP\/00100\/2020","LA\/P\/0056\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Advanced oxidation processes, including photocatalysis, have been proven effective at organic dye degradation. Tailored porous materials with regulated pore size, shape, and morphology offer a sustainable solution to the water pollution problem by acting as support materials to grafted photocatalytic nanoparticles (NPs). This research investigated the influence of pore and particle sizes of photocatalytic MICROSCAFS\u00ae on the degradation of methyl orange (MO) in aqueous solution (10 mg\/L). Photocatalytic MICROSCAFS\u00ae are made of binder-less supported P25 TiO2 NPs within MICROSCAFS\u00ae, which are silica\u2013titania microspheres with a controlled size and interconnected macroporosity, synthesized by an adapted sol\u2013gel method that involves a polymerization-induced phase separation process. Photocatalytic experiments were performed both in batch and flow reactors, with this latter one targeting a proof of concept for continuous transformation processes and real-life conditions. Photocatalytic degradation of 87% in 2 h (batch) was achieved, using a calibrated solar light simulator (1 sun) and a photocatalyst\/pollutant mass ratio of 23. This study introduces a novel flow kinetic model which provides the modeling and simulation of the photocatalytic MICROSCAFS\u00ae performance. A scavenger study was performed, enabling an in-depth mechanistic understanding. Finally, the transformation products resulting from the MO photocatalytic degradation were elucidated by high-resolution mass spectrometry experiments and subjected to an in silico toxicity assessment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25115958","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,30]],"date-time":"2024-05-30T10:42:34Z","timestamp":1717065754000},"page":"5958","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Robust Photocatalytic MICROSCAFS\u00ae with Interconnected Macropores for Sustainable Solar-Driven Water Purification"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7986-9651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rio","family":"Vale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Recursos Naturais e Ambiente (CERENA), Chemical Engineering Department, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2720-1908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz T.","family":"Barrocas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Recursos Naturais e Ambiente (CERENA), Chemical Engineering Department, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rita M. N.","family":"Ser\u00f4dio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Recursos Naturais e Ambiente (CERENA), Chemical Engineering Department, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Desenvolvimento de Produto e Transfer\u00eancia de Tecnologia (CDP2T), Escola Superior de Tecnologia de Set\u00fabal, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Set\u00fabal, 2910-761 Set\u00fabal, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de F\u00edsica e Engenharia de Materiais Avan\u00e7ados (CeFEMA), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3068-4920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Concei\u00e7\u00e3o","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural (CQE), Chemical Engineering Department, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9830-7160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 M.","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural (CQE), Chemical Engineering Department, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2947-1186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana C.","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Recursos Naturais e Ambiente (CERENA), Chemical Engineering Department, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1038\/s43017-023-00489-8","article-title":"Environmental Impacts and Remediation of Dye-Containing Wastewater","volume":"4","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Earth Environ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.136524","article-title":"A Detailed Review on Advanced Oxidation Process in Treatment of Wastewater: Mechanism, Challenges and Future Outlook","volume":"308","author":"Saravanan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mancuso, A., and Iervolino, G. (2022). Synthesis and Application of Innovative and Environmentally Friendly Photocatalysts: A Review. Catalysts, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/catal12101074"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2009.02.026","article-title":"Fundamental Principles and Application of Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Degradation of Dyes in Solution","volume":"151","author":"Rauf","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1007\/s11164-010-0186-6","article-title":"Organic and Inorganic Binder-Coating Properties for Immobilization of Photocatalytic ZnO Nanopowders","volume":"36","author":"Park","year":"2010","journal-title":"Res. Chem. Intermed."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31923","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-24490-8","article-title":"Cornstalk Biochar-TiO2 Composites as Alternative Photocatalyst for Degrading Methyl Orange","volume":"30","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000116","DOI":"10.1002\/gch2.202000116","article-title":"Porous Silica Microspheres with Immobilized Titania Nanoparticles for In-Flow Solar-Driven Purification of Wastewater","volume":"5","author":"Marques","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glob. Chall."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clay.2019.105352","article-title":"A Comparative Photocatalytic Study of TiO2 Loaded on Three Natural Clays with Different Morphologies","volume":"183","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Clay Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29599","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b09735","article-title":"Titania-Cellulose Hybrid Monolith for In-Flow Purification of Water under Solar Illumination","volume":"10","author":"Lucchini","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2015.10.007","article-title":"Porous PMMA-Titania Composites: A Step towards More Sustainable Photocatalysis","volume":"8","author":"Stewart","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Water Process Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2012.05.029","article-title":"Immobilization of TiO2 Nanoparticles in Polymeric Substrates by Chemical Bonding for Multi-Cycle Photodegradation of Organic Pollutants","volume":"227\u2013228","author":"Lei","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cattod.2014.01.031","article-title":"Dual Functionality of TiO2-Flyash Nanocomposites: Water Vapor Adsorption and Photocatalysis","volume":"230","author":"Karamanis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Catal. Today"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23146","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.3c02008","article-title":"Designing Highly Photoactive Hybrid Aerogels for In-Flow Photocatalytic Contaminant Removal Using Silica-Coated Bacterial Nanocellulose Supports","volume":"15","author":"Marchiori","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2538","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.2c04900","article-title":"NaBr-Assisted Aqueous Synthesis of Perovskite-Embedded PbBr(OH) Hierarchical Nanostructures for Dye Photodegradation","volume":"6","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Nano Mater."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2023.01.009","article-title":"Magnetically Retrievable Fe3O4@SiO2@ZnO Piezo-Photocatalyst: Synthesis and Multiple Catalytic Properties","volume":"636","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Colloid. Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2022.08.302","article-title":"Piezo-Photocatalysis over Phase-Engineered MoSe2 Modified Bi2WO6 Hierarchical Microspheres: Utilizing Piezoelectric Effect to Enhance Photocatalytic Performance","volume":"48","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200076","DOI":"10.1002\/gch2.202200076","article-title":"Reusable and Antibacterial Polymer-Based Nanocomposites for the Adsorption of Dyes and the Visible-Light-Driven Photocatalytic Degradation of Antibiotics","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Glob. Chall."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22987","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.2c00945","article-title":"Synthesis and Performance Analysis of Photocatalytic Activity of ZnIn2S4 Microspheres Synthesized Using a Low-Temperature Method","volume":"7","author":"Imran","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12410","DOI":"10.1039\/D2NJ02076A","article-title":"Bi Nanosphere-Decorated Oxygen-Vacancy BiOBr Hollow Microspheres with Exposed (110) Facets to Enhance the Photocatalytic Performance for the Degradation of Azo Dyes","volume":"46","author":"Qin","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2022.110743","article-title":"Moving Photocatalyst of a Titanium Dioxide-Based Micromotor Asymmetrically Decorated with Conjugated Polymer Dots","volume":"219","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtice.2021.04.040","article-title":"Preparation of Titanium Dioxide Modified Biomass Polymer Microspheres for Photocatalytic Degradation of Rhodamine-B Dye and Tetracycline","volume":"122","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2020.545","article-title":"Highly Efficient and Cheap Treatment of Dye by Graphene-Doped TiO2 Microspheres","volume":"83","author":"Liang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.materresbull.2023.112168","article-title":"In Situ Synthesis of the Mesoporous C\u2013TiO2 Microspheres Derived from Partial Hydrolysis Tetrabutyl Titanate for Enhanced Photocatalytic Degradation under Visible Light","volume":"161","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmst.2022.06.038","article-title":"Fe\/N Co-Doped Nano-TiO2 Wrapped Mesoporous Carbon Spheres for Synergetically Enhanced Adsorption and Photocatalysis","volume":"135","author":"Feng","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2021.118797","article-title":"Hollow Mesoporous G-C3N4\/Ag2CrO4 Photocatalysis with Direct Z-Scheme: Excellent Degradation Performance for Antibiotics and Dyes","volume":"270","author":"Ren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1007\/s10971-020-05257-4","article-title":"Silica-Based Microspheres with Interconnected Macroporosity by Phase Separation","volume":"95","author":"Vale","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Solgel Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12951","DOI":"10.1039\/D3RA00895A","article-title":"Multicomponent Oxide Microspheres with Designed Macroporosity (MICROSCAFS\u00ae): A Customized Platform for Chemicals Immobilization","volume":"13","author":"Vale","year":"2023","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2017.10.056","article-title":"Hybrid Custom-Tailored Sol-Gel Derived Microscaffold for Biocides Immobilization","volume":"261","author":"Loureiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microporous Mesoporous Mater."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2024.112043","article-title":"Maximizing Photocatalytic Efficiency with Minimal Amount of Gold: Solar-Driven TiO2 Photocatalysis Supported by MICROSCAFS\u00ae for Facile Catalyst Recovery","volume":"12","author":"Fernandes","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2016.10.039","article-title":"Organically-Modified Silica Based Microspheres for Self-Curing Polyurethane One Component Foams","volume":"244","author":"Loureiro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microporous Mesoporous Mater."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1080\/10426914.2017.1291950","article-title":"Amino Surface Functionalized Microcapsules as Curing Agents for Polyurethane Foams","volume":"32","author":"Marques","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Manuf. Process."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e01356","article-title":"A Kinetic Study on the Degradation and Biodegradability of Silver Nanoparticles Catalyzed Methyl Orange and Textile Effluents","volume":"5","author":"Nagar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceja.2022.100288","article-title":"Mechanistic Insight into the Improved Photocatalytic Degradation of Dyes for an Ultrathin Coating of SiO2 on TiO2 (P25) Nanoparticles","volume":"10","author":"Benz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J. Adv."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2020.118660","article-title":"Monolithic Metal-Containing TiO2 Aerogels Assembled from Crystalline Pre-Formed Nanoparticles as Efficient Photocatalysts for H2 Generation","volume":"267","author":"Luna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20203","DOI":"10.1039\/c2jm33446a","article-title":"Atomic Layer Deposition of Anatase TiO2 Coating on Silica Particles: Growth, Characterization and Evaluation as Photocatalysts for Methyl Orange Degradation and Hydrogen Production","volume":"22","author":"Williams","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2015.06.042","article-title":"Degradation of Methyl Orange and Congo Red Dyes by Using TiO2 Nanoparticles Activated by the Solar and the Solar-like Radiation","volume":"161","author":"Ljubas","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9032","DOI":"10.1039\/C9NR00812H","article-title":"Understanding the Interplay between Size, Morphology and Energy Gap in Photoactive TiO2 Nanoparticles","volume":"11","author":"Illas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2004.07.011","article-title":"Photocatalytic Degradation of Azo Dyes by Organic-Capped Anatase TiO2 Nanocrystals Immobilized onto Substrates","volume":"55","author":"Comparelli","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2022.164703","article-title":"Efficient Photocatalytic Degradation of Methyl Orange and Malachite Green by Ag3PO4 Decorated BiOBr Nanoflower under Visible Light: Performance Evaluation, Mechanism Insights and Toxicology of the by-Products","volume":"909","author":"Kokilavani","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"563","article-title":"Kinetics Studies on Photodegradation of Methyl Orange in the Presence of C-N-Codoped TiO2 Catalyst","volume":"62","author":"Putri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/S1387-3806(01)00590-5","article-title":"Characterization of Methyl Orange and Its Photocatalytic Degradation Products by HPLC\/UV\u2013VIS Diode Array and Atmospheric Pressure Ionization Quadrupole Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry","volume":"214","author":"Baiocchi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Mass. Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2015.02.073","article-title":"Elucidation of the Degradation Pathways of Sulfonamide Antibiotics in a Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma System","volume":"271","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12292","DOI":"10.1039\/C7RA00199A","article-title":"Comparative Study of the Photocatalytic Performance for the Degradation of Different Dyes by ZnIn2S4: Adsorption, Active Species, and Pathways","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2647","DOI":"10.1039\/f19878302647","article-title":"Methyl Orange as a Probe of the Semiconductor\u2013Electrolyte Interfaces in CdS Suspensions","volume":"83","author":"Mills","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.05.137","article-title":"Photocatalytic Degradation of Amitriptyline, Trazodone and Venlafaxine Using Modified Cobalt-Titanate Nanowires under UV\u2013Vis Radiation: Transformation Products and in Silico Toxicity","volume":"373","author":"Osawa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2015.12.008","article-title":"Towards a Better Understanding of the Reactive Species Involved in the Photocatalytic Degradation of Sulfaclozine","volume":"185","author":"Ismail","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4074","DOI":"10.1021\/es204621q","article-title":"Electrochemical Treatment of the Antibiotic Sulfachloropyridazine: Kinetics, Reaction Pathways, and Toxicity Evolution","volume":"46","author":"Dirany","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2014.08.050","article-title":"Electrochemical Degradation of Sulfonamides at BDD Electrode: Kinetics, Reaction Pathway and Eco-Toxicity Evaluation","volume":"280","author":"Stepnowski","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vale, M., and Marques, A.C. (2023). Mechanistic Study of the Formation of Multicomponent Oxide Porous Microspheres (MICROSCAFS\u00ae) by Cryo-Scanning Electron Microscopy. Gels, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels9090704"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssc.2021.114573","article-title":"Use and Misuse of the Kubelka-Munk Function to Obtain the Band Gap Energy from Diffuse Reflectance Measurements","volume":"341","author":"Landi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Solid State Commun."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6814","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpclett.8b02892","article-title":"How To Correctly Determine the Band Gap Energy of Modified Semiconductor Photocatalysts Based on UV\u2013Vis Spectra","volume":"9","author":"Pacia","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.126240","article-title":"Impact of Fe, Mn Co-Doping in Titanate Nanowires Photocatalytic Performance for Emergent Organic Pollutants Removal","volume":"250","author":"Barrocas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.8b02215","article-title":"Ruthenium-Modified Titanate Nanowires for the Photocatalytic Oxidative Removal of Organic Pollutants from Water","volume":"2","author":"Barrocas","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Nano Mater."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.07.247","article-title":"Photocatalytic Degradation of Cyclophosphamide and Ifosfamide: Effects of Wastewater Matrix, Transformation Products and in Silico Toxicity Prediction","volume":"692","author":"Osawa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/11\/5958\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:50:27Z","timestamp":1760107827000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/11\/5958"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms25115958"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25115958","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1422-0067"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]]}}}