{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T22:12:54Z","timestamp":1774649574815,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":190,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]],"date-time":"2024-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["UI\/BD\/154474\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/BD\/154474\/2022"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/04349\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04349\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["PTDC\/QUI-OUT\/3854\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/QUI-OUT\/3854\/2021"]}]},{"name":"PRT\/BD\/154898\/2023","award":["UI\/BD\/154474\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/BD\/154474\/2022"]}]},{"name":"PRT\/BD\/154898\/2023","award":["UIDB\/04349\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04349\/2020"]}]},{"name":"PRT\/BD\/154898\/2023","award":["PTDC\/QUI-OUT\/3854\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/QUI-OUT\/3854\/2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite the recognized potential of nanoparticles, only a few formulations have progressed to clinical trials, and an even smaller number have been approved by the regulatory authorities and marketed. Virus-like particles (VLPs) have emerged as promising alternatives to conventional nanoparticles due to their safety, biocompatibility, immunogenicity, structural stability, scalability, and versatility. Furthermore, VLPs can be surface-functionalized with small molecules to improve circulation half-life and target specificity. Through the functionalization and coating of VLPs, it is possible to optimize the response properties to a given stimulus, such as heat, pH, an alternating magnetic field, or even enzymes. Surface functionalization can also modulate other properties, such as biocompatibility, stability, and specificity, deeming VLPs as potential vaccine candidates or delivery systems. This review aims to address the different types of surface functionalization of VLPs, highlighting the more recent cutting-edge technologies that have been explored for the design of tailored VLPs, their importance, and their consequent applicability in the medical field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25126699","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]],"date-time":"2024-06-20T03:46:29Z","timestamp":1718855189000},"page":"6699","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Tailored Viral-like Particles as Drivers of Medical Breakthroughs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Rafael","family":"Travassos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, CTN, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139.7), 2695-066 Bobadela, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0575-2650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia A.","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, CTN, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139.7), 2695-066 Bobadela, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, CTN, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139.7), 2695-066 Bobadela, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7847-4906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o D. G.","family":"Correia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, CTN, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139.7), 2695-066 Bobadela, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia e Ci\u00eancias Nucleares, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, CTN, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139.7), 2695-066 Bobadela, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1056-1007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Melo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, CTN, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139.7), 2695-066 Bobadela, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chenthamara, D., Subramaniam, S., Ramakrishnan, S.G., Krishnaswamy, S., Essa, M.M., Lin, F.H., and Qoronfleh, M.W. (2019). Therapeutic Efficacy of Nanoparticles and Routes of Administration. Biomater. Res., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40824-019-0166-x"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2434","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0912273","article-title":"Nanomedicine","volume":"363","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2826","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.5b00148","article-title":"Nanochemistry and Nanomedicine for Nanoparticle-based Diagnostics and Therapy","volume":"116","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2023.109591","article-title":"Nanoparticle-Mediated Bioremediation as a Powerful Weapon in the Removal of Environmental Pollutants","volume":"11","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Willner, M.R., and Vikesland, P.J. (2018). Nanomaterial Enabled Sensors for Environmental Contaminants. J. Nanobiotechnol., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-018-0419-1"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogsc.2020.03.001","article-title":"Nanomaterials and Catalysis for Green Chemistry","volume":"24","author":"Balu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Green Sustain. Chem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patra, J.K., Das, G., Fraceto, L.F., Campos, E.V.R., Rodriguez-Torres, M.D.P., Acosta-Torres, L.S., Diaz-Torres, L.A., Grillo, R., Swamy, M.K., and Sharma, S. (2018). Nano Based Drug Delivery Systems: Recent Developments and Future Prospects. J. Nanobiotechnol., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-018-0392-8"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1039\/C8NR07769J","article-title":"Applications of Nanoparticles in Biomedical Imaging","volume":"11","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaud, M., Souto, E.B., Zielinska, A., Severino, P., Batain, F., Oliveira-Junior, J., and Alves, T. (2021). Nanopesticides in Agriculture: Benefits and Challenge in Agricultural Productivity, Toxicological Risks to Human Health and Environment. Toxics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics9060131"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2021.635114","article-title":"Nanofertilizers: A Cutting-Edge Approach to Increase Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Grasslands","volume":"9","author":"Mejias","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meafoo.2022.100049","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review on Nanotechnology Based Sensors for Monitoring Quality and Shelf Life of Food Products","volume":"7","author":"Ghosh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Meas. Food"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.2174\/1872210515666210120114504","article-title":"Role of Nanotechnology in Electronics: A Review of Recent Developments and Patents","volume":"16","author":"Payal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Recent. Pat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"54","article-title":"Nanoparticles in Biomedical Applications","volume":"2","author":"McNamara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Phys. X"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-020-0090-8","article-title":"Engineering Precision Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery","volume":"20","author":"Mitchell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2022.02.025","article-title":"Current Approaches of Nanomedicines in the Market and Various Stage of Clinical Translation","volume":"12","author":"Shan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Namiot, E.D., Sokolov, A.V., Chubarev, V.N., Tarasov, V.V., and Schioth, H.B. (2023). Nanoparticles in Clinical Trials: Analysis of Clinical Trials, FDA Approvals and Use for COVID-19 Vaccines. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24010787"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1002\/btm2.10049","article-title":"Virus-like Particles: Next-Generation Nanoparticles for Targeted Therapeutic Delivery","volume":"2","author":"Rohovie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioeng. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benjamin, C., Brohlin, O., Shahrivarkevishahi, A., and Gassensmith, J.J. (2020). Virus Like Particles: Fundamental Concepts, Biological Interactions, and Clinical Applications. Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-816662-8.00011-4"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nooraei, S., Bahrulolum, H., Hoseini, Z.S., Katalani, C., Hajizade, A., Easton, A.J., and Ahmadian, G. (2021). Virus-like Particles: Preparation, Immunogenicity and Their Roles as Nanovaccines and Drug Nanocarriers. J. Nanobiotechnol., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-021-00806-7"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1007\/s12033-012-9598-4","article-title":"Construction and Characterization of Virus-like Particles: A Review","volume":"53","author":"Zeltins","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1038\/2181057a0","article-title":"Particles Associated with Australia Antigen in the Sera of Patients with Leukaemia, Down\u2019s Syndrome and Hepatitis","volume":"218","author":"Bayer","year":"1968","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/s12274-009-9033-8","article-title":"Viruses and Virus-like Protein Assemblies\u2014Chemically Programmable Nanoscale Building Blocks","volume":"2","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nano Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1021\/bc1002532","article-title":"Self-Assembled Virus-like Particles From Rotavirus Structural Protein VP6 for Targeted Drug Delivery","volume":"22","author":"Zhao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioconjug. Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0042623","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00426-23","article-title":"Distinct Motifs in the E Protein Are Required for SARS-CoV-2 Virus Particle Formation and Lysosomal Deacidification in Host Cells","volume":"97","author":"Miura","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.2.767-773.2002","article-title":"Immunogenicity and Protective Efficacy of Replication-Incompetent Influenza Virus-like Particles","volume":"76","author":"Watanabe","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"1575","article-title":"A Novel Polyethyleneimine-Coated Adeno-Associated Virus-like Particle Formulation for Efficient siRNA Delivery in Breast Cancer Therapy: Preparation and In Vitro Analysis","volume":"7","author":"Shao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6178","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.9b01018","article-title":"Virus-like Nanoparticles Derived from Parvovirus B19 Efficiently Internalize in Human Heptatocytes: A Biocompatible Delivery System for Peptides and Proteins","volume":"2","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Nano Mater."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.bioconjchem.6b00622","article-title":"Retargeting Polyomavirus-like Particles to Cancer Cells by Chemical Modification of Capsid Surface","volume":"28","author":"Neburkova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioconjug. Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2017.09.014","article-title":"Construction of Protein-Functionalized Virus-like Particles of Parvovirus B19","volume":"263","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1586\/erv.12.151","article-title":"Virus-like Particles for the Prevention of Human Papillomavirus-Associated Malignancies","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martins, S.A., Santos, J., Silva, R.D., Rosa, C., Cabo Verde, S., Galamba Correia, J.D., and Melo, R. (2022). How Promising Are HIV-1-Based Virus-like Particles for Medical Applications?. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.997875"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1586\/erv.09.163","article-title":"Norwalk Virus-like Particles as Vaccines","volume":"9","author":"Mason","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pushko, P., and Tretyakova, I. (2020). Influenza Virus Like Particles (VLPs): Opportunities for H7N9 Vaccine Development. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12050518"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-017-0006-8","article-title":"Escherichia coli-Derived Virus-like Particles in Vaccine Development","volume":"2","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2015.12.007","article-title":"Molecular Pharming\u2014VLPs Made in Plants","volume":"37","author":"Marsian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-7808-3_8","article-title":"Production and Application of Insect Virus-Based VLPs","volume":"1776","author":"Gopal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Srivastava, V., Nand, K.N., Ahmad, A., and Kumar, R. (2023). Yeast-Based Virus-like Particles as an Emerging Platform for Vaccine Development and Delivery. Vaccines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11020479"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2021.05.001","article-title":"Molecular Characterization of HEK293 Cells as Emerging Versatile Cell Factories","volume":"71","author":"Pulix","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2013.02.008","article-title":"Virus-like Particles: The Future of Microbial Factories and Cell-Free Systems as Platforms for Vaccine Development","volume":"24","author":"Sekar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.2c00056","article-title":"Bioinspired Approaches to Self-Assembly of Virus-like Particles: From Molecules to Materials","volume":"55","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2023.01.002","article-title":"Systematic Engineering of Virus-like Particles to Identify Self-Assembly Rules for Shifting Particle Size","volume":"579","author":"Ikwuagwu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le, D.T., and Muller, K.M. (2021). In Vitro Assembly of Virus-like Particles and Their Applications. Life, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/life11040334"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13144","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0602283103","article-title":"Direct Stimulation of T Lymphocytes by Immunosomes: Virus-like Particles Decorated with T Cell Receptor\/CD3 Ligands Plus Costimulatory Molecules","volume":"103","author":"Derdak","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1021\/bc100367u","article-title":"Surface Functionalization of Virus-like Particles by Direct Conjugation Using Azide-Alkyne Click Chemistry","volume":"22","author":"Patel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioconjug. Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1007\/s12274-021-3713-4","article-title":"Orthogonal Modular Biosynthesis of Nanoscale Conjugate Vaccines for Vaccination Against Infection","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nano Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2107","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.1c00208","article-title":"Polymer Coatings on Virus-like Particle Nanoreactors at Low Ionic Strength-Charge Reversal and Substrate Access","volume":"22","author":"Kraj","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2018.06.014","article-title":"Decoration of Virus-like Particles with an Enzymatic Activity of Biomedical Interest","volume":"255","author":"Coffeen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6675","DOI":"10.1021\/nn301134z","article-title":"N-Terminal Labeling of Filamentous Phage to Create Cancer Marker Imaging Agents","volume":"6","author":"Carrico","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2017.08.014","article-title":"Major Findings and Recent Advances in Virus-like Particle (VLP)-Based Vaccines","volume":"34","author":"Mohsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.33073\/pjm-2015-001","article-title":"Virus Like Particles as Immunogens and Universal Nanocarriers","volume":"64","author":"Naskalska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pol. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2019.1704262","article-title":"Advances in Influenza Virus-like Particles Bioprocesses","volume":"18","author":"Durous","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.2014.885841","article-title":"Ebola Virus Vaccines: An Overview of Current Approaches","volume":"13","author":"Marzi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-012-3958-7","article-title":"Dengue Virus-like Particles: Construction and Application","volume":"94","author":"Shang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbt.2017.07.010","article-title":"Production of Virus-like Particles for Vaccines","volume":"39","author":"Fuenmayor","year":"2017","journal-title":"New Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1134\/S0026893316040099","article-title":"The True Story and Advantages of the Famous Hepatitis B Virus Core Particles: Outlook 2016","volume":"50","author":"Pumpens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.08.022","article-title":"A Novel Delivery Platform Based on Bacteriophage MS2 Virus-like Particles","volume":"211","author":"Fu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Essus, V.A., Souza Junior, G.S.E., Nunes, G.H.P., Oliveira, J.D.S., de Faria, B.M., Romao, L.F., and Cortines, J.R. (2023). Bacteriophage P22 Capsid as a Pluripotent Nanotechnology Tool. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/v15020516"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1002\/wnan.1336","article-title":"Development of Virus-like Particles for Diagnostic and Prophylactic Biomedical Applications","volume":"7","author":"Schwarz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Nanomed. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-023-02043-z","article-title":"Chimeric Hepatitis B Core Virus-like Particles Harboring SARS-CoV2 Epitope Elicit a Humoral Immune Response in Mice","volume":"22","author":"Sazegari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Fact."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fontana, D., Garay, E., Cervera, L., Kratje, R., Prieto, C., and Godia, F. (2021). Chimeric VLPs Based on HIV-1 Gag and a Fusion Rabies Glycoprotein Induce Specific Antibodies against Rabies and Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus. Vaccines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9030251"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mejia-Mendez, J.L., Vazquez-Duhalt, R., Hernandez, L.R., Sanchez-Arreola, E., and Bach, H. (2022). Virus-like Particles: Fundamentals and Biomedical Applications. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23158579"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6603(05)80004-2","article-title":"Virus-like Particles: Models for Assembly Studies and Foreign Epitope Carriers","volume":"80","author":"Palucha","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prog. Nucleic Acid. Res. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2011.12.006","article-title":"Human Parvovirus B19 Virus-like Particles: In Vitro Assembly and Stability","volume":"94","author":"Echeverria","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2913","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-02060-0","article-title":"In Vitro Assembly of the Rous Sarcoma Virus Capsid Protein Into Hexamer Tubes at Physiological Temperature","volume":"7","author":"Jaballah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3529","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-013-5485-6","article-title":"Self-Assembly of Virus-like Particles of Canine Parvovirus Capsid Protein Expressed from Escherichia coli and Application as Virus-like Particle Vaccine","volume":"98","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2009.01.058","article-title":"Characterization of the In Vitro HIV-1 Capsid Assembly Pathway","volume":"387","author":"Barklis","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18631","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-54928-y","article-title":"Adeno-Associated Virus Capsid Protein Expression in Escherichia coli and Chemically Defined Capsid Assembly","volume":"9","author":"Le","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jip.2011.05.004","article-title":"Large-Scale Production and Purification of VLP-Based Vaccines","volume":"107","author":"Vicente","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Invertebr. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lai, C.C., Cheng, Y.C., Chen, P.W., Lin, T.H., Tzeng, T.T., Lu, C.C., Lee, M.S., and Hu, A.Y. (2019). Process Development for Pandemic Influenza VLP Vaccine Production Using a Baculovirus Expression System. J. Biol. Eng., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13036-019-0206-z"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hillebrandt, N., Vormittag, P., Bluthardt, N., Dietrich, A., and Hubbuch, J. (2020). Integrated Process for Capture and Purification of Virus-like Particles: Enhancing Process Performance by Cross-Flow Filtration. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.00489"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s13353-010-0001-5","article-title":"Low-Dose Oral Immunization with Lyophilized Tissue of Herbicide-Resistant Lettuce Expressing Hepatitis B Surface Antigen for Prototype Plant-Derived Vaccine Tablet Formulation","volume":"52","author":"Pniewski","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Genet."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1006\/mthe.2000.0217","article-title":"Working Toward an Adenoviral Vector Testing Standard","volume":"2","author":"Hutchins","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2006.08.002","article-title":"Downstream Processing of Triple Layered Rotavirus Like Particles","volume":"127","author":"Peixoto","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16998","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1101874108","article-title":"Protein Delivery Using Engineered Virus-like Particles","volume":"108","author":"Kaczmarczyk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5729","DOI":"10.1021\/nn201397z","article-title":"Cell-Specific Delivery of Diverse Cargos by Bacteriophage MS2 Virus-like Particles","volume":"5","author":"Ashley","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.200801303","article-title":"Imaging Viral Behavior in Mammalian Cells with Self-Assembled Capsid-Quantum-Dot Hybrid Particles","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2441","DOI":"10.1002\/cbic.201100469","article-title":"Cell Targeting with Hybrid Q\u03b2 Virus-like Particles Displaying Epidermal Growth Factor","volume":"12","author":"Pokorski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chembiochem"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2013.01.011","article-title":"Reengineering Viruses and Virus-like Particles Through Chemical Functionalization Strategies","volume":"24","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3104","DOI":"10.1021\/ja063887t","article-title":"Self-Assembling Light-Harvesting Systems from Synthetically Modified Tobacco Mosaic Virus Coat Proteins","volume":"129","author":"Miller","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2007.08.015","article-title":"Folic Acid-Mediated Targeting of Cowpea Mosaic Virus Particles to Tumor Cells","volume":"14","author":"Destito","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11174","DOI":"10.1021\/ja903857f","article-title":"Viral Capsid DNA Aptamer Conjugates as Multivalent Cell-Targeting Vehicles","volume":"131","author":"Tong","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-007-0025-2","article-title":"An Investigation Into the Use of Human Papillomavirus Type 16 Virus-like Particles as a Delivery Vector System for Foreign Proteins: N- and C-Terminal Fusion of GFP to the L1 and L2 Capsid Proteins","volume":"153","author":"Windram","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.2174\/1568026621666210618145411","article-title":"Chimeric Virus-like Particles of Universal Antigen Epitopes of Coronavirus and Phage Q\u03b2 Coat Protein Trigger the Production of Neutralizing Antibodies","volume":"21","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2112","DOI":"10.1039\/C0JM02592E","article-title":"Electrostatic Self-Assembly of Virus\u2013Polymer Complexes","volume":"21","author":"Kostiainen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7730","DOI":"10.1021\/nn202493w","article-title":"Using Polymer Conformation to Control Architecture in Semiconducting Polymer\/Viral Capsid Assemblies","volume":"5","author":"Ng","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2012.04.026","article-title":"Stepwise Molecular Display Utilizing Icosahedral and Helical Complexes of Phage Coat and Decoration Proteins in the Development of Robust Nanoscale Display Vehicles","volume":"33","author":"Parent","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10158","DOI":"10.1039\/c2sm26485d","article-title":"Virus-like Particle Nanoreactors: Programmed Encapsulation of the Thermostable CelB Glycosidase Inside the P22 Capsid","volume":"8","author":"Patterson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1021\/mp3003368","article-title":"MS2 Virus-like Particles: A Robust, Semisynthetic Targeted Drug Delivery Platform","volume":"10","author":"Galaway","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2153","DOI":"10.1021\/bm200225x","article-title":"Reprogramming Virus Nanoparticles to Bind Metal Ions Upon Activation with Heat","volume":"12","author":"Musick","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201001777","article-title":"Metal-Ion-Induced Formation and Stabilization of Protein Cages Based on the Cowpea Chlorotic Mottle Virus","volume":"7","author":"Minten","year":"2011","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2006.07.018","article-title":"Virus-like Particles: Passport to Immune Recognition","volume":"40","author":"Grgacic","year":"2006","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2386","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.bioconjchem.6b00372","article-title":"Bioorthogonal Strategy for Bioprocessing of Specific-Site-Functionalized Enveloped Influenza-Virus-like Particles","volume":"27","author":"Carvalho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioconjug. Chem."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martins, S.A., Santos, J., Cabo Verde, S., Correia, J.D.G., and Melo, R. (2022). Construction of HER2-Specific HIV-1-Based VLPs. Bioengineering, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering9110713"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/171.6.1576","article-title":"Safety, Immunogenicity, and Efficacy of a Recombinantly Produced Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite Protein-Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Subunit Vaccine","volume":"171","author":"Gordon","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6314","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00449-16","article-title":"Broad Cross-Protection Is Induced in Preclinical Models by a Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Composed of L1\/L2 Chimeric Virus-like Particles","volume":"90","author":"Boxus","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2019.1669415","article-title":"RTS,S\/AS01 Vaccine (MosquirixTM): An Overview","volume":"16","author":"Laurens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccin. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"baab012","DOI":"10.1093\/database\/baab012","article-title":"Posttranslational Modifications in Proteins: Resources, Tools and Prediction Methods","volume":"2021","author":"Ramazi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Database"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(09)63040-8","article-title":"Identification and Quantification of Protein Posttranslational Modifications","volume":"463","author":"Farley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Methods Enzym."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biochem.7b00861","article-title":"Post-Translational Modifications of Protein Backbones: Unique Functions, Mechanisms, and Challenges","volume":"57","author":"Muller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8020","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.30483","article-title":"Cognizance of Posttranslational Modifications in Vaccines: A Way to Enhanced Immunogenicity","volume":"236","author":"Ojha","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.102917","article-title":"A Global Map of Associations Between Types of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Human Genetic Diseases","volume":"24","author":"Vellosillo","year":"2021","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"3137329","article-title":"Role of Posttranslational Modifications of Proteins in Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"2022","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.2174\/1570164613666161031155258","article-title":"Post-Translational Modifications of Proteins: Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets for Diabetes Related Complications","volume":"13","author":"Vanuopadath","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balieu, J., Jung, J.W., Chan, P., Lomonossoff, G.P., Lerouge, P., and Bardor, M. (2022). Investigation of the N-Glycosylation of the SARS-CoV-2 S Protein Contained in VLPs Produced in Nicotiana benthamiana. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27165119"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, C.D., Yan, Y.P., Liang, S.M., and Wang, T.F. (2009). Production of FMDV Virus-like pPrticles by a SUMO Fusion Protein Approach in Escherichia coli. J. Biomed. Sci., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/1423-0127-16-69"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ikwuagwu, B., and Tullman-Ercek, D. (2022). Virus-like Particles for Drug Delivery: A Review of Methods and Applications. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol., 78.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2022.102785"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1080\/1061186X.2023.2193358","article-title":"Virus-like Particle-Based Nanocarriers as an Emerging Platform for Drug Delivery","volume":"31","author":"Yuan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Drug Target"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2012.08512.x","article-title":"Development of a MicroRNA Delivery System Based on Bacteriophage MS2 Virus-like Particles","volume":"279","author":"Pan","year":"2012","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8337","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms16048337","article-title":"Using a Novel MicroRNA Delivery System to Inhibit Osteoclastogenesis","volume":"16","author":"Yao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5957","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S37990","article-title":"MS2 VLP-Based Delivery of MicroRNA-146a Inhibits Autoantibody Production in Lupus-Prone Mice","volume":"7","author":"Pan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23988","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.8115","article-title":"Armored Long Non-Coding RNA MEG3 Targeting EGFR Based on Recombinant MS2 Bacteriophage Virus-like Particles Against Hepatocellular Carcinoma","volume":"7","author":"Chang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59402","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.10681","article-title":"Novel miR-122 Delivery System Based on MS2 Virus Like Particle Surface Displaying Cell-Penetrating Peptide TAT for Hepatocellular Carcinoma","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3699","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-015-1730-2","article-title":"Development of Rous sarcoma Virus-like Particles Displaying hCC49 scFv for Specific Targeted Drug Delivery to Human Colon Carcinoma Cells","volume":"32","author":"Kato","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12642","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.9b08756","article-title":"Modular Hepatitis B Virus-like Particle Platform for Biosensing and Drug Delivery","volume":"14","author":"Hartzell","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1978","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.05-4058com","article-title":"Identification and Characterization of a Novel Peptide Ligand of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor for Targeted Delivery of Therapeutics","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-013-0907-x","article-title":"The EGFR Signalling System in the Liver: From Hepatoprotection to Hepatocarcinogenesis","volume":"49","author":"Berasain","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4750","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2011.193","article-title":"MicroRNA-29 Can Regulate Expression of the Long Non-Coding RNA Gene MEG3 in Hepatocellular Cancer","volume":"30","author":"Braconi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-014-0932-4","article-title":"Antitumor Function of microRNA-122 Against Hepatocellular Carcinoma","volume":"49","author":"Nakao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2015.02.022","article-title":"Asialoglycoprotein Receptor Mediated Hepatocyte Targeting\u2014Strategies and Applications","volume":"203","author":"Devarajan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19234","DOI":"10.1038\/srep19234","article-title":"Plug-and-Display: Decoration of Virus-like Particles Via Isopeptide Bonds for Modular Immunization","volume":"6","author":"Brune","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kheirvari, M., Liu, H., and Tumban, E. (2023). Virus-like Particle Vaccines and Platforms for Vaccine Development. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/v15051109"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.10.083","article-title":"Virus-like Particles as a Highly Efficient Vaccine Platform: Diversity of Targets and Production Systems and Advances in Clinical Development","volume":"31","author":"Kushnir","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200363100-00006","article-title":"Recombinant Hepatitis B Vaccine (Engerix-B\u00ae): A Review of Its Immunogenicity and Protective Efficacy Against Hepatitis B","volume":"63","author":"Keating","year":"2003","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7165","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v11.i45.7165","article-title":"Evaluation of Immunogenicity and Reactogenicity of Recombinant DNA Hepatitis B Vaccine Produced in India","volume":"11","author":"Hussain","year":"2005","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1017918218784","article-title":"Immunogenicity of a Recombinant Hepatitis B Vaccine (Euvax-B) in Haemodialysis Patients and Staff","volume":"17","author":"Tele","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00087-06","article-title":"Comparison of Two Hepatitis B Vaccines (GeneVac-B and Engerix-B) in Healthy Infants in India","volume":"13","author":"Shivananda","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.2174\/138161209787846793","article-title":"Clinical Experience with Therapeutic Vaccines Designed for Patients with Hepatitis","volume":"15","author":"Batdelger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(01)00518-7","article-title":"Comparative Efficacy, Safety and Immunogenicity of Hepavax-Gene and Engerix-B, Recombinant Hepatitis B Vaccines, in Infants Born to HBsAg and HBeAg Positive Mothers in Vietnam: An Assessment at 2 Years","volume":"20","author":"Hieu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.3.2.119","article-title":"Recombivax-HB: Perspectives Past, Present and Future","volume":"3","author":"Venters","year":"2004","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(99)00529-0","article-title":"Study of the Safety, Immunogenicity and Seroconversion of a Hepatitis-B Vaccine in Malnourished Children of India","volume":"18","author":"Lakshmi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(98)00331-4","article-title":"Evaluation of a New Recombinant DNA Hepatitis B Vaccine (Shanvac-B)","volume":"17","author":"Abraham","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.clpt.6100055","article-title":"GARDASIL\u00ae: Prophylactic Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Development\u2014From Bench Top to Bed-Side","volume":"81","author":"Shi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_133","first-page":"97","article-title":"Cervarix\u2122: A Vaccine for the Prevention of HPV 16, 18-Associated Cervical Cancer","volume":"2","author":"Monie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biologics"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.05.029","article-title":"Eleven Years of Inflexal V\u00ae\u2014A Virosomal Adjuvanted Influenza Vaccine","volume":"27","author":"Herzog","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1408749","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2017.1408749","article-title":"Virus-like Particle Display of HER2 Induces Potent Anti-Cancer Responses","volume":"7","author":"Palladini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1007\/s12033-019-00198-y","article-title":"Expression of Breast Cancer-Related Epitopes Targeting the IGF-1 Receptor in Chimeric Human Parvovirus B19 Virus-like Particles","volume":"61","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2305896120","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2305896120","article-title":"Increased Neutralization Potency and Breadth Elicited by a SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccine Forming Virus-like Particles","volume":"120","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2020.06.024","article-title":"Viral Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery, Imaging, Immunotherapy, and Theranostic Applications","volume":"156","author":"Chung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900194","DOI":"10.1002\/adtp.201900194","article-title":"Virus-like Particles as Theranostic Platforms","volume":"3","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1021\/bc900405q","article-title":"Chemical Modification of M13 Bacteriophage and Its Application in Cancer Cell Imaging","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioconjug. Chem."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6164","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.6b02386","article-title":"In Vivo Targeting and Imaging of Atherosclerosis Using Multifunctional Virus-like Particles of Simian Virus 40","volume":"16","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_142","first-page":"927","article-title":"Atherosclerosis: Process, Indicators, Risk Factors and New Hopes","volume":"5","author":"Setorki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239sr231","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3005101","article-title":"Imaging and Nanomedicine in Inflammatory Atherosclerosis","volume":"6","author":"Mulder","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2012.08.016","article-title":"Design of New Quantum Dot Materials for Deep Tissue Infrared Imaging","volume":"65","author":"Cassette","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3764","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00566","article-title":"Biodistribution of Antibody-MS2 Viral Capsid Conjugates in Breast Cancer Models","volume":"13","author":"Aanei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.bioconjchem.5b00226","article-title":"Synthetically Modified Viral Capsids as Versatile Carriers for Use in Antibody-Based Cell Targeting","volume":"26","author":"ElSohly","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioconjug. Chem."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18213","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b03956","article-title":"Physalis Mottle Virus-like Nanoparticles for Targeted Cancer Imaging","volume":"11","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naresh, V., and Lee, N. (2021). A Review on Biosensors and Recent Development of Nanostructured Materials-Enabled Biosensors. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21041109"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.149714","article-title":"Biomimetic Virus-like Particles with Magnetic Core. From Bioactivity to an Immunodiagnostic Tool","volume":"485","author":"Mieloch","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2023.215406","article-title":"Advances in Enzyme-Free Nucleic Acid Amplification-Based Fluorescent Biosensors for Real-Time Imaging of DNA Repair Enzymes in Living Cells","volume":"496","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17645","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.2c04392","article-title":"Fluidic Membrane Accelerating the Kinetics of Photoactivatable Hybridization Chain Reaction for Accurate Imaging of Tumor-Derived Exosomes","volume":"94","author":"Ye","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15275","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0407024101","article-title":"Triggered Amplification by Hybridization Chain Reaction","volume":"101","author":"Dirks","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Song, Y., Wang, X., Tang, H., and Li, C. (2024). Genetically Engineered Virus-like Particle-Armoured and Multibranched DNA Scaffold-Corbelled Ultra-Sensitive Hierarchical Hybridization Chain Reaction for Targeting-Enhanced Imaging in Living Biosystems Under Spatiotemporal Light Powering. Biosens. Bioelectron., 247.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115943"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-024-06212-8","article-title":"Modified Exfoliated Graphene Functionalized with Carboxylic Acid-Group and Thionine on a Screen-Printed Carbon Electrode as a Platform for an Electrochemical Enzyme Immunosensor","volume":"191","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mikrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.25159","article-title":"Bioengineering Virus-like Particles as Vaccines","volume":"111","author":"Lua","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hillebrandt, N., and Hubbuch, J. (2023). Size-Selective Downstream Processing of Virus Particles and Non-Enveloped Virus-like Particles. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1192050"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roldao, A., Mellado, M.C., Lima, J.C., Carrondo, M.J., Alves, P.M., and Oliveira, R. (2012). On the Effect of Thermodynamic Equilibrium on the Assembly Efficiency of Complex Multi-Layered Virus-like Particles (VLP): The Case of Rotavirus VLP. PLoS Comput. Biol., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1002367"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2012.01.007","article-title":"Disassembly and Reassembly Improves Morphology and Thermal Stability of Human Papillomavirus Type 16 Virus-like Particles","volume":"8","author":"Zhao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-9-52","article-title":"Disassembly and Reassembly of Human Papillomavirus Virus-like Particles Produces More Virion-like Antibody Reactivity","volume":"9","author":"Zhao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123805","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1123805","article-title":"Platforms, Advances, and Technical Challenges in Virus-like Particles-Based Vaccines","volume":"14","author":"Gupta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tariq, H., Batool, S., Asif, S., Ali, M., and Abbasi, B.H. (2021). Virus-like Particles: Revolutionary Platforms for Developing Vaccines Against Emerging Infectious Diseases. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.790121"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernandes, B., Correia, R., Alves, P.M., and Roldao, A. (2022). Intensifying Continuous Production of Gag-HA VLPs at High Cell Density Using Stable Insect Cells Adapted to Low Culture Temperature. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.917746"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.03.088","article-title":"Immunogenic Virus-like Particles Continuously Expressed in Mammalian Cells as a Veterinary Rabies Vaccine Candidate","volume":"33","author":"Fontana","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e38438","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.38438","article-title":"Efficient Support of Virus-like Particle Assembly by the HIV-1 Packaging Signal","volume":"7","author":"Kroupa","year":"2018","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohsen, M.O., Gomes, A.C., Vogel, M., and Bachmann, M.F. (2018). Interaction of Viral Capsid-Derived Virus-like Particles (VLPs) with the Innate Immune System. Vaccines, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines6030037"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sepotokele, K.M., O\u2019Kennedy, M.M., Wandrag, D.B.R., and Abolnik, C. (2023). Optimization of Infectious Bronchitis Virus-like Particle Expression in Nicotiana benthamiana as Potential Poultry Vaccines. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0288970"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.07.016","article-title":"Novel SsRNA Phage VLP Platform for Displaying Foreign Epitopes by Genetic Fusion","volume":"38","author":"Lieknina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2293","DOI":"10.1021\/bm200369e","article-title":"Multivalent Display of Proteins on Viral Nanoparticles Using Molecular Recognition and Chemical Ligation Strategies","volume":"12","author":"Venter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tornesello, A.L., Tagliamonte, M., Buonaguro, F.M., Tornesello, M.L., and Buonaguro, L. (2022). Virus-like Particles as Preventive and Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines. Vaccines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10020227"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, J., Yu, L., Lin, X., Liu, X., Zhang, Y., Yang, F., and Deng, W. (2022). Virus-like Particles as Nanocarriers for Intracellular Delivery of Biomolecules and Compounds. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14091905"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt0498-341","article-title":"Therapeutic Repair of Mutated Nucleic Acid Sequences","volume":"16","author":"Woolf","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2623","article-title":"High-Frequency Off-Target Mutagenesis Induced by CRISPR-Cas Nucleases in Human Cells","volume":"31","author":"Fu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaj, T., Sirk, S.J., Shui, S.L., and Liu, J. (2016). Genome-Editing Technologies: Principles and Applications. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol., 8.","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a023754"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2019.10.006","article-title":"TraFo-CRISPR: Enhanced Genome Engineering by Transient Foamy Virus Vector-Mediated Delivery of CRISPR\/Cas9 Components","volume":"18","author":"Lindel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e99","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkz605","article-title":"Delivering Cas9\/sgRNA Ribonucleoprotein (RNP) by Lentiviral Capsid-Based Bionanoparticles for Efficient \u2018Hit-and-Run\u2019 Genome Editing","volume":"47","author":"Lyu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1038\/gt.2016.27","article-title":"Lentivirus Pre-Packed with Cas9 Protein for Safer Gene Editing","volume":"23","author":"Choi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2018.09.006","article-title":"Transient Retrovirus-Based CRISPR\/Cas9 All-in-One Particles for Efficient, Targeted Gene Knockout","volume":"13","author":"Knopp","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01911","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.01911","article-title":"Targeted Genome Editing by Lentiviral Protein Transduction of Zinc-Finger and TAL-Effector Nucleases","volume":"3","author":"Cai","year":"2014","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2023.105157","article-title":"Strategies of Artificial intelligence Tools in the Domain of Nanomedicine","volume":"91","author":"Habeeb","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1038\/s41589-018-0053-0","article-title":"Computational Redesign of Enzymes for Regio- and Enantioselective Hydroamination","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-019-0687-1","article-title":"Biophysical Prediction of Protein-Peptide Pnteractions and Signaling Networks Using Machine Learning","volume":"17","author":"Cunningham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5221","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12928-6","article-title":"A Bayesian Machine Learning Approach for Drug Target Identification Using Diverse Data Types","volume":"10","author":"Madhukar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-019-0122-4","article-title":"Prediction of Drug Vombination Effects with a Minimal Set of Experiments","volume":"1","author":"Ianevski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-019-0666-6","article-title":"Deciphering Interaction Fingerprints from Protein Molecular Surfaces Using Geometric Deep Learning","volume":"17","author":"Gainza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vormittag, P., Klamp, T., and Hubbuch, J. (2020). Ensembles of Hydrophobicity Scales as Potent Classifiers for Chimeric Virus-like Particle Solubility\u2014An Amino Acid Sequence-Based Machine Learning Approach. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.00395"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1021\/accountsmr.3c00050","article-title":"Rational Design of Virus-like Particles for Nanomedicine","volume":"4","author":"Shan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acc. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2014.12.030","article-title":"Nanomedicine in Cancer Therapy: Challenges, Opportunities, and Clinical Applications","volume":"200","author":"Wicki","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Padma, V.V. (2015). An Overview of Targeted Cancer Therapy. BioMedicine, 5.","DOI":"10.7603\/s40681-015-0019-4"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-013-0176-5","article-title":"Questioning the Use of PEGylation for Drug Delivery","volume":"3","author":"Verhoef","year":"2013","journal-title":"Drug Deliv. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2900","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00292","article-title":"Bioinspired Shielding Strategies for Nanoparticle Drug Delivery Applications","volume":"15","author":"Gulati","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/12\/6699\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:00:35Z","timestamp":1760108435000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/12\/6699"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]]},"references-count":190,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms25126699"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25126699","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]]}}}