{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T22:43:50Z","timestamp":1765233830706,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,6]],"date-time":"2024-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cPrograma Operacional do Centro, Centro 2020\u201d of the \u201cComis\u00e3o Coordenadora da Regi\u00e3o Centro\u201d (Portugal)","award":["CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-000013","007491","UID\/Multi\/00709","SFRH\/BD\/06028\/2020","SFRH\/BD\/148695\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-000013","007491","UID\/Multi\/00709","SFRH\/BD\/06028\/2020","SFRH\/BD\/148695\/2019"]}]},{"name":"FEDER funds","award":["CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-000013","007491","UID\/Multi\/00709","SFRH\/BD\/06028\/2020","SFRH\/BD\/148695\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-000013","007491","UID\/Multi\/00709","SFRH\/BD\/06028\/2020","SFRH\/BD\/148695\/2019"]}]},{"name":"National Funds","award":["CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-000013","007491","UID\/Multi\/00709","SFRH\/BD\/06028\/2020","SFRH\/BD\/148695\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-000013","007491","UID\/Multi\/00709","SFRH\/BD\/06028\/2020","SFRH\/BD\/148695\/2019"]}]},{"name":"\u201cFunda\u00e7ao para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia\u201d of the Portuguese Government","award":["CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-000013","007491","UID\/Multi\/00709","SFRH\/BD\/06028\/2020","SFRH\/BD\/148695\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-000013","007491","UID\/Multi\/00709","SFRH\/BD\/06028\/2020","SFRH\/BD\/148695\/2019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Stroke remains the second leading cause of mortality worldwide, and the third leading cause of death and morbidity combined, affecting more than 12 million people every year. Stroke pathophysiology results from complex interactions of several risk factors related to age, family history, gender, lifestyle, and the presence of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Despite all the evidence, it is not possible to fully prevent stroke onset. In recent years, there has been an exploration of innovative methodologies for metabolite analysis aimed at identifying novel stroke biomarkers. Utilizing Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, we investigated small molecule variations in urine across different stages of stroke risk. The Framingham Stroke Risk Score was used in people over 63 years of age living in long-term care facilities (LTCFs) to calculate the probability of suffering a stroke: low stroke risk (LSR, control), moderate stroke risk (MSR), and high stroke risk (HSR). Univariate statistical analysis showed that urinary 4-hydroxyphenylacetate levels increased while glycolate levels decreased across the different stroke risk groups, from the LSR to the HSR groups. Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) had average concentration values that were significantly higher in elderly people in the HSR group, while trigonelline levels were significantly lower in the MSR group. These metabolic markers can be used for early detection and to differentiate stages of stroke risk more efficiently.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25137436","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T12:21:03Z","timestamp":1720441263000},"page":"7436","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Identification of Urine Metabolic Markers of Stroke Risk Using Untargeted Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"N\u00e1dia","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior (UBI), Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior (UBI), Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana Paula","family":"Amaral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior (UBI), Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4372-081X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Conde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Precision Medicine and Metabolism Laboratory, CIC bioGUNE, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3492-5725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ignacio","family":"Verde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior (UBI), Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30962-X","article-title":"Stroke","volume":"389","author":"Hankey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1177\/17474930211065917","article-title":"World Stroke Organization (WSO): Global Stroke Fact Sheet 2022","volume":"17","author":"Feigin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Stroke."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-64034-5.00019-5","article-title":"Hemorrhagic stroke","volume":"176","author":"Hanley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. 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