{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T06:38:49Z","timestamp":1776148729528,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,16]],"date-time":"2024-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["431958\/2016-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["431958\/2016-5"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["315308\/2020-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["315308\/2020-6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0193.001.200\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0193.001.200\/2016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005668","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Apoio \u00e0 Pesquisa do Distrito Federal (FAP-DF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["431958\/2016-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["431958\/2016-5"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005668","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005668","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Apoio \u00e0 Pesquisa do Distrito Federal (FAP-DF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["315308\/2020-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["315308\/2020-6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005668","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005668","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Apoio \u00e0 Pesquisa do Distrito Federal (FAP-DF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0193.001.200\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0193.001.200\/2016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005668","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Candida albicans is one of the agents of invasive candidiasis, a life-threatening disease strongly associated with hospitalization, particularly among patients in intensive care units with central venous catheters. This study aimed to evaluate the synergistic activity of the antifungal peptide ToAP2 combined with fluconazole against C. albicans biofilms grown on various materials. We tested combinations of different concentrations of the peptide ToAP2 with fluconazole on C. albicans biofilms. These biofilms were generated on 96-well plates, intravenous catheters, and infusion tubes in RPMI medium at two maturation stages. Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy were employed to assess the biofilm structure. We also evaluated the expression of genes previously proven to be involved in C. albicans biofilm formation in planktonic and biofilm cells after treatment with the peptide ToAP2 using qPCR. ToAP2 demonstrated a synergistic effect with fluconazole at concentrations up to 25 \u00b5M during both the early and mature stages of biofilm formation in 96-well plates and on medical devices. Combinations of 50, 25, and 12.5 \u00b5M of ToAP2 with 52 \u00b5M of fluconazole significantly reduced the biofilm viability compared to individual treatments and untreated controls. These results were supported by substantial structural changes in the biofilms observed through both scanning and atomic force microscopy. The gene expression analysis of C. albicans cells treated with 25 \u00b5M of ToAP2 revealed a decrease in the expression of genes associated with membrane synthesis, along with an increase in the expression of genes involved in efflux pumps, adhesins, and filamentation. Our results highlight the efficacy of the combined ToAP2 and fluconazole treatment against C. albicans biofilms. This combination not only shows therapeutic potential but also suggests its utility in developing preventive biofilm tools for intravenous catheters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25147769","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,16]],"date-time":"2024-07-16T09:46:57Z","timestamp":1721123217000},"page":"7769","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Synergic Effect of the Antimicrobial Peptide ToAP2 and Fluconazole on Candida albicans Biofilms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1922-3461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jhones","family":"do Nascimento Dias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Fungi, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5238-5844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabi\u00e1n Andr\u00e9s","family":"Hurtado Erazo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Fungi, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8339-1964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucinda J.","family":"Bessa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV\/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1821-1992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Eaton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV\/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"The Bridge, School of Chemistry, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1096-3236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Roberto de Souza de Almeida","family":"Leite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research in Applied Morphology and Immunology, NuPMIA, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Hugo Costa","family":"Paes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8656-5835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9 Moraes","family":"Nicola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1403-9363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ildinete","family":"Silva-Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Fungi, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8160-7784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Albuquerque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Fungi, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-014-9749-1","article-title":"Candidiasis: Predisposing factors, prevention, diagnosis and alternative treatment","volume":"177","author":"Martins","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-091014-104330","article-title":"Candida albicans Biofilms and Human Disease","volume":"69","author":"Nobile","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.157","article-title":"Candida albicans cell-type switching and functional plasticity in the mammalian host","volume":"15","author":"Noble","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2636","article-title":"Growth of Candida albicans hyphae","volume":"9","author":"Sudbery","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2022). WHO Fungal Priority Pathogens List to Guide Research, Development and Public Health Action, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-5274(03)00081-X","article-title":"Adaptation of Candida albicans to the host environment: The role of morphogenesis in virulence and survival in mammalian hosts","volume":"6","author":"Romani","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2711","article-title":"Candida albicans morphogenesis and host defence: Discriminating invasion from colonization","volume":"10","author":"Gow","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murciano, C., Moyes, D.L., Runglall, M., Tobouti, P., Islam, A., Hoyer, L.L., and Naglik, J.R. (2012). Evaluation of the role of Candida albicans agglutinin-like sequence (Als) proteins in human oral epithelial cell interactions. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033362"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.22913","article-title":"Candida albicans pathogenicity mechanisms","volume":"4","author":"Mayer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2019.01.012","article-title":"Searching for new agents active against Candida albicans biofilm: A series of indole derivatives, design, synthesis and biological evaluation","volume":"165","author":"Pandolfi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.12.028","article-title":"Correlation between antifungal resistance and virulence factors in Candida albicans recovered from vaginal specimens","volume":"128","author":"Elnabawy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2475","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.9.2475-2479.2001","article-title":"Standardized method for in vitro antifungal susceptibility testing of Candida albicans biofilms","volume":"45","author":"Ramage","year":"2001","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2014.08.012","article-title":"Production of biofilm by Candida and non-Candida spp. isolates causing fungemia: Comparison of biomass production and metabolic activity and development of cut-off points","volume":"304","author":"Escribano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.2014.885838","article-title":"Future directions for anti-biofilm therapeutics targeting Candida","volume":"12","author":"Nett","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti Infect Ther."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2019.103768","article-title":"Efficacy of zerumbone against dual-species biofilms of Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"137","author":"Shin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Whaley, S.G., Berkow, E.L., Rybak, J.M., Nishimoto, A.T., Barker, K.S., and Rogers, P.D. (2016). Azole Antifungal Resistance in Candida albicans and Emerging Non-albicans Candida Species. Front. Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.02173"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2019.06.083","article-title":"Discovery of new azoles with potent activity against Candida spp. and Candida albicans biofilms through virtual screening","volume":"179","author":"Sari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2019.06.015","article-title":"Antifungal effect of photodynamic therapy mediated by curcumin on Candida albicans biofilms in vitro","volume":"27","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahlapuu, M., Hakansson, J., Ringstad, L., and Bjorn, C. (2016). Antimicrobial Peptides: An Emerging Category of Therapeutic Agents. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2016.00194"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pfalzgraff, A., Brandenburg, K., and Weindl, G. (2018). Antimicrobial Peptides and Their Therapeutic Potential for Bacterial Skin Infections and Wounds. Front. Pharmacol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00281"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2011.01.026","article-title":"The antimicrobial peptide, psacotheasin induces reactive oxygen species and triggers apoptosis in Candida albicans","volume":"405","author":"Hwang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-007-6475-6","article-title":"Cationic host defence peptides: Innate immune regulatory peptides as a novel approach for treating infections","volume":"64","author":"Mookherjee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2017.06.005","article-title":"Synthetic antimicrobial peptides of the halictines family disturb the membrane integrity of Candida cells","volume":"1859","author":"Kodedova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Biomembr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hacioglu, M., Haciosmanoglu, E., Birteksoz-Tan, A.S., Bozkurt-Guzel, C., and Savage, P.B. (2019). Effects of ceragenins and conventional antimicrobials on Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus mono and multispecies biofilms. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 95.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2019.06.014"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2018.10.103","article-title":"Membrane targeting cationic antimicrobial peptides","volume":"537","author":"Ciumac","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21385","DOI":"10.1038\/srep21385","article-title":"A polyalanine peptide derived from polar fish with anti-infectious activities","volume":"6","author":"Cardoso","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2009.11.021","article-title":"Combination of caspofungin or anidulafungin with antimicrobial peptides results in potent synergistic killing of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata in vitro","volume":"35","author":"Harris","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guilhelmelli, F., Vilela, N., Smidt, K.S., de Oliveira, M.A., da Cunha Morales Alvares, A., Rigonatto, M.C., da Silva Costa, P.H., Tavares, A.H., de Freitas, S.M., and Nicola, A.M. (2016). Activity of Scorpion Venom-Derived Antifungal Peptides against Planktonic Cells of Candida spp. and Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida albicans Biofilms. Front. Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01844"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10327","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-67041-2","article-title":"Mechanisms of action of antimicrobial peptides ToAP2 and NDBP-5.7 against Candida albicans planktonic and biofilm cells","volume":"10","author":"Souza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gpb.2022.01.004","article-title":"SynergyFinder Plus: Toward Better Interpretation and Annotation of Drug Combination Screening Datasets","volume":"20","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Genom. Proteom. Bioinform."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2413","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btx162","article-title":"SynergyFinder: A web application for analyzing drug combination dose-response matrix data","volume":"33","author":"Ianevski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Theberge, S., Semlali, A., Alamri, A., Leung, K.P., and Rouabhia, M. (2013). C. albicans growth, transition, biofilm formation, and gene expression modulation by antimicrobial decapeptide KSL-W. BMC Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-13-246"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2020.101825","article-title":"Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy reduces gene expression of Candida albicans in biofilms","volume":"31","author":"Jordao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maione, A., Bellavita, R., de Alteriis, E., Galdiero, S., Albarano, L., La Pietra, A., Guida, M., Parrilli, E., D\u2019Angelo, C., and Galdiero, E. (2022). WMR Peptide as Antifungal and Antibiofilm against Albicans and Non-Albicans Candida Species: Shreds of Evidence on the Mechanism of Action. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23042151"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2014.03.003","article-title":"Impact of Candida albicans hyphal wall protein 1 (HWP1) genotype on biofilm production and fungal susceptibility to microglial cells","volume":"69\u201370","author":"Orsi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoyer, L.L., and Cota, E. (2016). Candida albicans Agglutinin-Like Sequence (Als) Family Vignettes: A Review of Als Protein Structure and Function. Front. Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00280"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12611","article-title":"Azole resistance in Candida albicans from animals: Highlights on efflux pump activity and gene overexpression","volume":"60","author":"Rocha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2015.01.017","article-title":"Cph1p negatively regulates MDR1 involved in drug resistance in Candida albicans","volume":"45","author":"Lo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Oliveira Santos, G.C., Vasconcelos, C.C., Lopes, A.J.O., de Sousa Cartagenes, M.D.S., Filho, A., do Nascimento, F.R.F., Ramos, R.M., Pires, E., de Andrade, M.S., and Rocha, F.M.G. (2018). Candida Infections and Therapeutic Strategies: Mechanisms of Action for Traditional and Alternative Agents. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01351"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1089\/adt.2020.1057","article-title":"Antifungal Effects of Voriconazole-Loaded Nano-Liposome on Fluconazole-Resistant Clinical Isolates of Candida albicans, Biological Activity and ERG11, CDR1, and CDR2 Gene Expression","volume":"19","author":"Hassanpour","year":"2021","journal-title":"Assay Drug Dev. Technol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-015-1146-8","article-title":"ERG11 mutations and expression of resistance genes in fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans isolates","volume":"197","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, T., Xiu, J., Zhang, Y., Wu, J., Ma, X., Wang, Y., Guo, G., and Shang, X. (2017). Transcriptional Responses of Candida albicans to Antimicrobial Peptide MAF-1A. Front. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00894"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4333","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.8.4333-4340.2003","article-title":"Mechanism of fluconazole resistance in Candida albicans biofilms: Phase-specific role of efflux pumps and membrane sterols","volume":"71","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkl521","article-title":"Biofilm formation by fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans strains is inhibited by fluconazole","volume":"59","author":"Bruzual","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.2323\/jgam.60.163","article-title":"Sensitization of Candida albicans biofilms to fluconazole by terpenoids of plant origin","volume":"60","author":"Doke","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9657","DOI":"10.1038\/srep09657","article-title":"Activity of Novel Synthetic Peptides against Candida albicans","volume":"5","author":"Lum","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.05290-11","article-title":"Possible inhibitory molecular mechanism of farnesol on the development of fluconazole resistance in Candida albicans biofilm","volume":"56","author":"Yu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01745-13","article-title":"In Vitro Study of Sequential Fluconazole and Caspofungin Treatment against Candida albicans Biofilms","volume":"58","author":"Sarkar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.3390\/ph6121543","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptides","volume":"6","author":"Bahar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6369","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00699-16","article-title":"The Antimicrobial Peptides P-113Du and P-113Tri Function against Candida albicans","volume":"60","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cools, T.L., Struyfs, C., Drijfhout, J.W., Kucharikova, S., Lobo Romero, C., Van Dijck, P., Ramada, M.H.S., Bloch, C., Cammue, B.P.A., and Thevissen, K. (2017). A Linear 19-Mer Plant Defensin-Derived Peptide Acts Synergistically with Caspofungin against Candida albicans Biofilms. Front. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02051"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2016.07.016","article-title":"Antifungal activity of a beta-peptide in synthetic urine media: Toward materials-based approaches to reducing catheter-associated urinary tract fungal infections","volume":"43","author":"Raman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.MB-0005-2014","article-title":"Candida albicans Biofilm Development and Its Genetic Control","volume":"3","author":"Desai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780701581458","article-title":"Microplate Alamar blue assay for susceptibility testing of Candida albicans biofilms","volume":"45","author":"Repp","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2015.09.001","article-title":"Searching for Drug Synergy in Complex Dose-Response Landscapes Using an Interaction Potency Model","volume":"13","author":"Yadav","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Struct. Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4377","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00316-09","article-title":"Biofilm formation and effect of caspofungin on biofilm structure of Candida species bloodstream isolates","volume":"53","author":"Ferreira","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dks353","article-title":"Effect of alkylphospholipids on Candida albicans biofilm formation and maturation","volume":"68","author":"Vila","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Barros, P.P., Rossoni, R.D., Garcia, M.T., Kaminski, V.L., Loures, F.V., Fuchs, B.B., Mylonakis, E., and Junqueira, J.C. (2021). The Anti-Biofilm Efficacy of Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester (CAPE) In Vitro and a Murine Model of Oral Candidiasis. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.700305"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guevara-Lora, I., Bras, G., Juszczak, M., Karkowska-Kuleta, J., Gorecki, A., Manrique-Moreno, M., Dymek, J., Pyza, E., Kozik, A., and Rapala-Kozik, M. (2022). Cecropin D-derived synthetic peptides in the fight against Candida albicans cell filamentation and biofilm formation. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1045984"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2509","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S250278","article-title":"Antimicrobial Peptide AMP-17 Affects Candida albicans by Disrupting Its Cell Wall and Cell Membrane Integrity","volume":"13","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/14\/7769\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:17:30Z","timestamp":1760109450000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/14\/7769"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,16]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms25147769"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25147769","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,16]]}}}