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Here, we set out to address the content of this biofluid after MI, namely in terms of microRNAs (miRs) that are important modulators of the cardiac pathological response. PF was collected during coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) from two MI cohorts, patients with non-ST-segment elevation MI (NSTEMI) and patients with ST-segment elevation MI (STEMI), and a control group composed of patients with stable angina and without previous history of MI. The PF miR content was analyzed by small RNA sequencing, and its biological effect was assessed on human cardiac fibroblasts. PF accumulates fibrotic and inflammatory molecules in STEMI patients, namely causing the soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (ST-2), which inversely correlates with the left ventricle ejection fraction. Although the PF of the three patient groups induce similar levels of fibroblast-to-myofibroblast activation in vitro, RNA sequencing revealed that PF from STEMI patients is particularly enriched not only in pro-fibrotic miRs but also anti-fibrotic miRs. Among those, miR-22-3p was herein found to inhibit TGF-\u03b2-induced human cardiac fibroblast activation in vitro. PF constitutes an attractive source for screening diagnostic\/prognostic miRs and for unveiling novel therapeutic targets in cardiac fibrosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25158329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]],"date-time":"2024-07-30T17:08:34Z","timestamp":1722359314000},"page":"8329","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Pericardial Fluid Accumulates microRNAs That Regulate Heart Fibrosis after Myocardial Infarction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Elsa D.","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S\u2014Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ICBAS\u2014Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEB\u2014Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2334-4610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Pereira-Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S\u2014Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ICBAS\u2014Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Translational Medicine (CTM), International Clinical Research Centre (ICRC), St. Anne\u2019s Hospital, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Ribeiro-Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S\u2014Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEB\u2014Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4471-4019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Cerqueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular R&D Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8072-8557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco J.","family":"Enguita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Molecular Jo\u00e3o Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4237-2024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita N.","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S\u2014Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ICBAS\u2014Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEB\u2014Instituto 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ESS, Polytechnic of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Chemical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Health (ESS), Polytechnic of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Castanheira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S\u2014Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEB\u2014Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INL\u2014International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Perp\u00e9tua","family":"Pinto-do-\u00d3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S\u2014Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ICBAS\u2014Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEB\u2014Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica, University of Porto, 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