{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T10:37:58Z","timestamp":1776940678300,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724889600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Projecto StartUp Voucher IAPMEI [Institute of Support for Small- and Medium-sized Companies and Innovation]","award":["UI\/BD\/151022\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/BD\/151022\/2021"]}]},{"name":"CICS-UBI base and programmatic grants","award":["UI\/BD\/151022\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/BD\/151022\/2021"]}]},{"name":"FCT through FSE (Fundo Social Europeu)","award":["UI\/BD\/151022\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/BD\/151022\/2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>IL-15 is a homeostatic cytokine for human T and NK cells. However, whether other cytokines influence the effect of IL-15 is not known. We studied the impact that IL-10, TGF-\u03b2, IL-17A, and IFN-\u03b3 have on the IL-15-induced proliferation of human T cells and the expression of HLA class I (HLA-I) molecules. Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) were labeled with CFSE and stimulated for 12 days with IL-15 in the absence or presence of the other cytokines. The proportion of proliferating T cells and the expression of cell surface HLA-I molecules were analyzed using flow cytometry. The IL-15-induced proliferation of T cells was paralleled by an increase in the expression of HC-10-reactive HLA-I molecules, namely on T cells that underwent \u22655\u20136 cycles of cell division. It is noteworthy that the IL-15-induced proliferation of T cells was potentiated by IL-10 and TGF-\u03b2 but not by IL-17 or IFN-\u03b3 and was associated with a decrease in the expression of HC-10-reactive molecules. The cytokines IL-10 and TGF-\u03b2 potentiate the proliferative capacity that IL-15 has on human T cells in vitro, an effect that is associated with a reduction in the amount of HC-10 reactive HLA class I molecules induced by IL-15.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25179376","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T11:12:13Z","timestamp":1724929933000},"page":"9376","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["IL-10 and TGF-\u03b2, but Not IL-17A or IFN-\u03b3, Potentiate the IL-15-Induced Proliferation of Human T Cells: Association with a Decrease in the Expression of \u03b22m-Free HLA Class I Molecules Induced by IL-15"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Leila H.","family":"Duarte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Hugo A.","family":"Peixoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Elsa M.","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"ESS-IPG, School of Health Sciences, Polytechnic of Guarda, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6552-4337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9 J.","family":"Esgalhado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7209-4507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando A.","family":"Arosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"FCS-UBI, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.99-0874fje","article-title":"A molecular basis for T cell suppression by IL-10: CD28-associated IL-10 receptor inhibits CD28 tyrosine phosphorylation and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase binding","volume":"14","author":"Akdis","year":"2000","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.174.4.915","article-title":"Interleukin 10 (IL-10) and viral IL-10 strongly reduce antigen-specific human T cell proliferation by diminishing the antigen-presenting capacity of monocytes via downregulation of class II major histocompatibility complex expression","volume":"174","author":"Haanen","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. 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