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The main objective of this work was to investigate the potential anti-Alzheimer effects of these hybrids. The inhibitory activities of cholinesterases (AChE and BuChE), antioxidant activity, and the inhibitory mechanism through in silico (molecular docking) and in solution (STD-NMR) experiments were evaluated. The 1,2,3-triazole-dihydropyrimidinone hybrids (A and B) showed moderate in vitro inhibitory activity on eqBuChE (IC50 values between 1 and 58.4 \u03bcM). The best inhibitor was the hybrid B4, featuring two 1,2,3-triazole cores, which exhibited stronger inhibition than galantamine, with an IC50 of 1 \u00b1 0.1 \u03bcM for eqBuChE, through a mixed inhibition mechanism. Among the hybrids A, the most promising inhibitor was A1, exhibiting an IC50 of 12 \u00b1 2 \u00b5M, similar to that of galantamine. Molecular docking and STD-NMR experiments revealed the key binding interactions of these promising inhibitors with BuChE. Hybrids A and B did not display Artemia salina toxicity below 100 \u03bcM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252011153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]],"date-time":"2024-10-17T08:56:32Z","timestamp":1729155392000},"page":"11153","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Assessing the Potential of 1,2,3-Triazole-Dihydropyrimidinone Hybrids Against Cholinesterases: In Silico, In Vitro, and In Vivo Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4077-9755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos M.","family":"Gastalho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Institute for Research and Advanced Training (IIFA), University of \u00c9vora, Rua Rom\u00e3o Ramalho, 59, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute of Earth Sciences, Institute of Research and Advanced Training, University of \u00c9vora, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Academic Clinical Center of Alentejo, C-TRAIL, Rua Rom\u00e3o Ramalho, 59, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana M.","family":"Sena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Sciences and Technologies, University of \u00c9vora, Rua Rom\u00e3o Ramalho, 59, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"given":"\u00d3scar","family":"L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica Org\u00e1nica, Facultad de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad de Sevilla, Apartado 1203, E-41071 Seville, Spain"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 G.","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Bola\u00f1os","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica Org\u00e1nica, Facultad de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad de Sevilla, Apartado 1203, E-41071 Seville, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0542-4446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfonso T.","family":"Garc\u00eda-Sosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14 A, 50411 Tartu, Estonia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4392-4644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florbela","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8906-1085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9lia M.","family":"Antunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Earth Sciences, Institute of Research and Advanced Training, University of \u00c9vora, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Academic Clinical Center of Alentejo, C-TRAIL, Rua Rom\u00e3o Ramalho, 59, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Medical and Health Sciences, School of Health and Human Development, University of \u00c9vora, Rua Rom\u00e3o Ramalho, 59, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3854-9130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana R.","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Earth Sciences, Institute of Research and Advanced Training, University of \u00c9vora, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Academic Clinical Center of Alentejo, C-TRAIL, Rua Rom\u00e3o Ramalho, 59, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Medical and Health Sciences, School of Health and Human Development, University of \u00c9vora, Rua Rom\u00e3o Ramalho, 59, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Anthony J.","family":"Burke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Institute for Research and Advanced Training (IIFA), University of \u00c9vora, Rua Rom\u00e3o Ramalho, 59, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, P\u00f3lo das Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Coimbra Chemistry Centre-Institute of Molecular Sciences (CQC-IMS), University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Neurosciences and Cellular Biology (CNC), Polo I, Universidade de Coimbra Rua Larga Faculdade de Medicina, Polo I, 1\u00baandar, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8117-7737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabete P.","family":"Carreiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Institute for Research and Advanced Training (IIFA), University of \u00c9vora, Rua Rom\u00e3o Ramalho, 59, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alzheimer\u2019s Association (2019). 2019 Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Facts and Figures. 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