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Integrative Sciences Institute","award":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Research Unit BioISI-Biosystems &amp; Integrative Sciences Institute","award":["UIDP\/04378\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04378\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Research Unit BioISI-Biosystems &amp; Integrative Sciences Institute","award":["UIDB\/04378\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04378\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Research Unit BioISI-Biosystems &amp; Integrative Sciences Institute","award":["LA\/P\/0140\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0140\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Research Unit BioISI-Biosystems &amp; Integrative Sciences Institute","award":["UIDB\/04046\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04046\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Research Unit BioISI-Biosystems &amp; Integrative Sciences Institute","award":["UIDP\/04046\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04046\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Research Unit BioISI-Biosystems &amp; Integrative Sciences Institute","award":["2020.06502.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.06502.BD"]}]},{"name":"FCT PhD scholarship","award":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT PhD scholarship","award":["UIDP\/04378\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04378\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT PhD scholarship","award":["UIDB\/04378\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04378\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT PhD scholarship","award":["LA\/P\/0140\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0140\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT PhD scholarship","award":["UIDB\/04046\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04046\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT PhD scholarship","award":["UIDP\/04046\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04046\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT PhD scholarship","award":["2020.06502.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.06502.BD"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gastrointestinal complications of diabetes are often overlooked, despite affecting up to 75% of patients. This study innovatively explores local glutathione levels and morphometric changes in the gut of Goto\u2013Kakizaki (GK) rats, a type 2 diabetes animal model. Segments of the intestine, cecum, and colon were collected for histopathological analysis and glutathione quantification. A significant increase in the total thickness of the intestinal wall of GK rats was observed, particularly in the duodenum (1089.02 \u00b1 39.19 vs. 864.19 \u00b1 37.17 \u00b5m), ileum (726.29 \u00b1 24.75 vs. 498.76 \u00b1 16.86 \u00b5m), cecum (642.24 \u00b1 34.15 vs. 500.97 \u00b1 28.81 \u00b5m), and distal colon (1211.81 \u00b1 51.32 vs. 831.71 \u00b1 53.2 \u00b5m). Additionally, diabetic rats exhibited thickening of the muscular layers in all segments, except for the duodenum, which was also the only portion where the number of smooth muscle cells did not decrease. Moreover, myenteric neuronal density was lower in GK rats, suggesting neurological loss. Total glutathione levels were lower in all intestinal segments of diabetic rats (except duodenum), and the reduced\/oxidized glutathione ratio (GSH\/GSSG) was significantly decreased in GK rats, indicating increased oxidative stress. These findings strongly indicate that GK rats undergo significant intestinal remodeling, notable shifts in neuronal populations, and heightened oxidative stress\u2014factors that likely contribute to the functional gastrointestinal alterations seen in diabetic patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252212115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]],"date-time":"2024-11-12T05:21:59Z","timestamp":1731388919000},"page":"12115","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Oxidative Stress and Histomorphometric Remodeling: Two Key Intestinal Features of Type 2 Diabetes in Goto\u2013Kakizaki Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0585-3905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marisa","family":"Esteves-Monteiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV) Network of Chemistry and Technology (REQUIMTE), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Immuno-Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto (FFUP), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Ferreira-Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV) Network of Chemistry and Technology (REQUIMTE), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto (FFUP), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Cl\u00e1udia","family":"Vitorino-Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health and Bioeconomy (i4HB), Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, FFUP, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), FFUP, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, FFUP, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Costa-Pires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immuno-Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0423-7959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) and Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra (UC), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), UC, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3422-290X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"Matafome","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) and Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra (UC), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), UC, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Coimbra Health School (ESTeSC), Polytechnic University of Coimbra, 3046-854 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9509-0613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuela","family":"Morato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV) Network of Chemistry and Technology (REQUIMTE), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto (FFUP), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8845-794X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Dias-Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, ICBAS-UP, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0471-2756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vera Marisa","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health and Bioeconomy (i4HB), Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, FFUP, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), FFUP, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, FFUP, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4727-727X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarida","family":"Duarte-Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV) Network of Chemistry and Technology (REQUIMTE), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Immuno-Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2006). 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