{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T20:56:53Z","timestamp":1778014613009,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]],"date-time":"2024-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["PTDC\/CVT-CVT\/7741\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/CVT-CVT\/7741\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["UI\/BD\/150900\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/BD\/150900\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["2021.04867.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.04867.BD"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["2022.03304.CEECIND"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.03304.CEECIND"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["2020.00290.CEECIND"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.00290.CEECIND"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["2022.03248.CEECIND"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.03248.CEECIND"]}]},{"name":"FCT, Portugal","award":["PTDC\/CVT-CVT\/7741\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/CVT-CVT\/7741\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT, Portugal","award":["UI\/BD\/150900\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/BD\/150900\/2021"]}]},{"name":"FCT, Portugal","award":["2021.04867.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.04867.BD"]}]},{"name":"FCT, Portugal","award":["2022.03304.CEECIND"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.03304.CEECIND"]}]},{"name":"FCT, Portugal","award":["2020.00290.CEECIND"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.00290.CEECIND"]}]},{"name":"FCT, Portugal","award":["2022.03248.CEECIND"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.03248.CEECIND"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vaccination is an effective, cost-efficient method to preventing disease outbreaks. However, vaccine procedures can induce adverse reactions due to stress, increasing plasma cortisol in the short term. In this context, tryptophan may prove to be fundamental as it has been demonstrated to have various desirable neuroendocrine attributes in different fish species. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate both short-term (3 days) and long-term (21 days) effects of dietary tryptophan supplementation on European seabass juveniles\u2019 (26.23 \u00b1 7.22 g) response to vaccination and disease resistance to Tenacibaculum maritimum. The short-term tryptophan-fed fish exhibited increased hepatic superoxide dismutase and plasma cortisol levels, along with the downregulation of immune-related genes. Despite these changes, disease resistance was unaffected. When fish were later dip vaccinated, tryptophan prevented the stress-induced plasma cortisol increase and upregulated the gene expression of igm, suggesting tryptophan\u2019s role in enhancing vaccination efficiency by counteracting stress-associated effects. In the long term, the lowest supplementation dose counteracted vaccine-mediated reduced gene expression, and fish fed this diet showed a more modest molecular response. Overall, the findings suggest a complex interplay between tryptophan supplementation, immune responses, and vaccine efficiency in fish. Further research is necessary to clarify how tryptophan could consistently improve vaccine efficiency in aquaculture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252212200","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]],"date-time":"2024-11-13T09:59:11Z","timestamp":1731491951000},"page":"12200","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Synergistic Effects of Dietary Tryptophan and Dip Vaccination in the Immune Response of European Seabass Juveniles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6497-9762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diogo","family":"Peixoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Centro Interdisciplinar de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Marinha e Ambiental, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"ICBAS\u2014Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Instituto Universitario de Investigaci\u00f3n Marina (INMAR), Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEIMAR), Universidad de C\u00e1diz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9309-2650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Centro Interdisciplinar de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Marinha e Ambiental, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"ICBAS\u2014Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6731-6534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Centro Interdisciplinar de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Marinha e Ambiental, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0812-4529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Centro Interdisciplinar de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Marinha e Ambiental, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Louren\u00e7o","family":"Ramos-Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Centro Interdisciplinar de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Marinha e Ambiental, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7718-5021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Centro Interdisciplinar de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Marinha e Ambiental, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2486-595X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Azeredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Centro Interdisciplinar de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Marinha e Ambiental, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"ICBAS\u2014Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3758-0849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjam\u00edn","family":"Costas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Centro Interdisciplinar de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Marinha e Ambiental, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"ICBAS\u2014Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2011.12.015","article-title":"Fish immune system and its nutritional modulation for preventive health care","volume":"173","author":"Kiron","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anim. 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