{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T17:04:07Z","timestamp":1775581447426,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]],"date-time":"2024-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Study Group of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (GEDII)","award":["UI\/BD\/150826\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/BD\/150826\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UI\/BD\/150826\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/BD\/150826\/2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) are characterized by dysregulated immune responses and chronic tissue inflammation. In the setting of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) and gut microorganisms have been proved to interplay, potentially influenced by dietary factors. This rapid review aimed to study the DPP4-gut microbiome link in IBD. A search across five databases and two gray literature sources identified seven relevant studies reporting data on DPP4 and gut microbiome in patients with IBD-related IMIDs or in vitro or in vivo models: one cross-sectional, one in vitro, and five in vivo studies. The findings revealed a significant impact of DPP4 and its substrates, i.e., glucagon-like peptide-1\/2 (GLP-1\/2), on the composition of gut microbiome and on the development of dysbiosis. Increased DPP4 activity is associated with decreased GLP-1\/2; increased pathogenic bacterial phyla such as Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Deferribacteres, Firmicutes, Fusobacteriota, Proteobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia; and decreased alpha diversity of beneficial gut microbes, including Clostridiaceae, Lachnospiraceae, and Ruminococcaceae families and short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria like Odoribacter and Butryvibrio spp., with exacerbation of intestinal inflammation. This overview revealed that understanding the DPP4-gut microbiome association is critical for the development of DPP4-targeted therapeutic strategies to guarantee gut microbiome balance and modulation of immune response in IBD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252312852","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]],"date-time":"2024-11-29T05:02:22Z","timestamp":1732856542000},"page":"12852","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Association of Gut Microbiome and Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 in Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Rapid Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6193-485X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra F.","family":"Gomes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto (FMUP), 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Unit of Medical Education, Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto (FMUP), 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"RISE-Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto (FMUP), 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Valois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o University Hospital Center, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7171-0139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Manuela","family":"Estevinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto (FMUP), 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Vila Nova de Gaia\/Espinho Hospital Center, 4434-502 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Mafalda","family":"Santiago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Portuguese Study Group of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (GEDII), 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2634-9668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Magro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto (FMUP), 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"RISE-Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto (FMUP), 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o University Hospital Center, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Portuguese Study Group of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (GEDII), 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto (FMUP), 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o University Hospital Center, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00603-1","article-title":"Immune-mediated inflammatory disease therapeutics: Past, present, and future","volume":"21","author":"McInnes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. 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