{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T02:55:53Z","timestamp":1775616953480,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744070400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This systematic review and network meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the bond strength of artificial caries-affected dentin (ACAD) of permanent human teeth with and without biomimetic remineralization (BR), assessed based on in vitro studies. Following PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a systematic search until June 2023, identifying 82 eligible articles for full-text analysis. We assessed the study characteristics, methodological quality, and summary results. Bond strength was examined immediately and after artificial aging using three bond strength tests. We performed meta-regressions (using OpenBUGS software) to explore the relationship between the independent variable\u2019s adhesive application technique (Etch-and-Rinse or Self-Etch) and ACAD protocol (chemical or biological) and the dependent variable of bond strength. Additionally, we conducted random-effect NMAs (using CINEMA software) to compare the effect of multiple interventions per application technique and ACAD protocol simultaneously. Among the included studies that compared various BR strategies, most studies (19 out of 22) presented a medium risk of bias. In some comparisons, the meta-regression results revealed a significant association between bond strength at 24 h and both the adhesive application technique and the ACAD protocol. Our findings indicate the potential of BR to enhance bond strength in human ACAD in in vitro settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26083488","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T03:32:53Z","timestamp":1744169573000},"page":"3488","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Biomimetic Remineralization Strategies for Dentin Bond Stability\u2014Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1022-6858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ros\u00e1rio","family":"Costa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dental Medicine, Department of Operative Dentistry, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Manuel Pereira da Silva, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Reis-Pardal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CINTESIS@RISE\u2014Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Health Research Network Associated Laboratory (RISE), University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences (MEDCIS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Arantes-Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Biomaterials, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Lisbon, Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, Rua Prof.\u00aa Teresa Ambr\u00f3sio, 1600-277 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Cardoso","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dental Medicine, Department of Operative Dentistry, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Manuel Pereira da Silva, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8421-2937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis Filipe","family":"Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CINTESIS@RISE\u2014Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Health Research Network Associated Laboratory (RISE), University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences (MEDCIS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3590-4926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"Melo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dental Medicine, Department of Operative Dentistry, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Manuel Pereira da Silva, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"EpiUnit, ITR, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Rua das Taipas, n\u00b0 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"456","article-title":"Dentin\/enamel adhesives: Review of the literature","volume":"24","author":"Swift","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr. 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