{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:17:38Z","timestamp":1760059058856,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747699200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"EUROPEAN UNION\u2019S H2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Grant Agreement (AIMed)","award":["861138","101057961"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["861138","101057961"]}]},{"name":"Horizon Europe program &quot;Surface Transfer of Pathogens&quot; (STOP)","award":["861138","101057961"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["861138","101057961"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Implant-associated infections, particularly those linked to Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), continue to compromise the clinical success of \u03b2-tricalcium phosphate (\u03b2-TCP) implants despite their excellent biocompatibility and osteoconductivity. This investigation aims to tackle these challenges by integrating femtosecond (fs)-laser surface processing with two complementary strategies: ion doping and functionalization with green-synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). AgNPs were produced via fs-laser photoreduction using green tea leaf extract (GTLE), noted for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Fs-laser processing was applied to modify \u03b2-TCP scaffolds by systematically varying scanning velocities, fluences, and patterns. Lower scanning velocities generated organized nanostructures with enhanced roughness and wettability, as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), optical profilometry, and contact angle measurements, whereas higher laser energies induced significant phase transitions between hydroxyapatite (HA) and \u03b1-tricalcium phosphate (\u03b1-TCP), as revealed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). AgNP-functionalized scaffolds demonstrated markedly superior antibacterial activity against S. aureus compared to the ion-doped variants, attributed to the synergistic interplay of nanostructure-mediated surface disruption and AgNP-induced bactericidal mechanisms. Although ion-doped scaffolds exhibited limited direct antibacterial effects, they showed concentration-dependent activity in indirect assays, likely due to controlled ion release. Both strategies promoted osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSCs) under defined conditions, albeit with transient cytotoxicity at higher fluences and excessive ion doping. Overall, this approach holds promise for markedly improving antibacterial efficacy and osteogenic compatibility, potentially transforming bone regeneration therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26104888","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T06:10:46Z","timestamp":1747721446000},"page":"4888","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Femtosecond Laser-Engineered \u03b2-TCP Scaffolds: A Comparative Study of Green-Synthesized AgNPs vs. Ion Doping Against S. aureus for Bone Regeneration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3308-9094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72 Tsarigradsko Chaussee Blvd, 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1702-862X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liliya","family":"Angelova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72 Tsarigradsko Chaussee Blvd, 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3465-3339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgi","family":"Avdeev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physical Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Akad. 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Bonchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}]},{"given":"Liliana","family":"Grenho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BoneLab\u2014Laboratory for Bone Metabolism and Regeneration, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"LAQV\/REQUIMTE\u2013Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry, Research Group \u201cMaterials for Sustainability and Wellbeing\u201d, University of Porto, 4160-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9391-9574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Helena","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BoneLab\u2014Laboratory for Bone Metabolism and Regeneration, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"LAQV\/REQUIMTE\u2013Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry, Research Group \u201cMaterials for Sustainability and Wellbeing\u201d, University of Porto, 4160-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1131-6900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albena","family":"Daskalova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72 Tsarigradsko Chaussee Blvd, 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00111-13","article-title":"Prosthetic Joint Infection","volume":"27","author":"Tande","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. 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