{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T17:28:21Z","timestamp":1775842101861,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT I.P.)","award":["PTDC\/CVT-CVT\/2660\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/CVT-CVT\/2660\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT I.P.)","award":["2022.14544.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.14544.BD"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT I.P.)","award":["2022.07841.CEECIND\/CP1724\/CT0014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.07841.CEECIND\/CP1724\/CT0014"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES and ESF","award":["PTDC\/CVT-CVT\/2660\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/CVT-CVT\/2660\/2021"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES and ESF","award":["2022.14544.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.14544.BD"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES and ESF","award":["2022.07841.CEECIND\/CP1724\/CT0014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.07841.CEECIND\/CP1724\/CT0014"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["PTDC\/CVT-CVT\/2660\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/CVT-CVT\/2660\/2021"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["2022.14544.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.14544.BD"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["2022.07841.CEECIND\/CP1724\/CT0014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.07841.CEECIND\/CP1724\/CT0014"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The replacement of ingredients from animal sources with plant-based ingredients is increasing the risk of contamination by mycotoxins in aquafeeds, potentially causing detrimental effects on fish welfare. However, limited research has been carried out so far on the impact of mycotoxins on fish health. Hence, the aim of this study was to assess the toxicological effects of the dietary emerging (enniatin B, ENNB) and regulated (fumonisin B1, FB1) mycotoxins (150 \u00b5g\/kg) in different tissues of juvenile gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) after 28 days of dietary exposure. Fitness indexes, plasma metabolites, and biomarkers of oxidative stress, metabolism, cellular, and neurotoxic damage were assessed. The exposure to each mycotoxin was sufficient to cause distinct effects in fish tissues. ENNB appears to be the most harmful mycotoxin to S. aurata, inducing changes on alkaline phosphatase and lipase activities in plasma, as well as protein and lipid degradation in liver. Increased lipid degradation was also induced in the brain by FB1 alone or combined with ENNB, whereas the exposure to the mixture inhibited acetylcholinesterase activity. Overall, this study contributes by highlighting the toxicological attributes of ENNB, thus reinforcing the need to include this mycotoxin in future legislation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26125676","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T06:19:28Z","timestamp":1749795568000},"page":"5676","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Toxicological Responses of Juvenile Gilthead Seabream to Enniatin B and Fumonisin B1"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8964-0108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fl\u00e1via V.","family":"Mello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre & ARNET, Aquatic Research Network, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa (FCUL), Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1086-5895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheila","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hidrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7289-9567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Busenur","family":"\u00d6zkan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Aquaculture, Upgrading and Bioprospection, IPMA, I.P.\u2014Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Doutor Alfredo Magalh\u00e3es Ramalho 6, 1495-165 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana Lu\u00edsa","family":"Maulvault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Aquaculture, Upgrading and Bioprospection, IPMA, I.P.\u2014Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Doutor Alfredo Magalh\u00e3es Ramalho 6, 1495-165 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"UCIBIO\u2014Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, Quinta da Torre, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6075-2472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florbela","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquaculture Research Station of Olh\u00e3o (EPPO), IPMA, I.P.\u2014Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. do Parque Natural da Ria Formosa S\/N, 8700-194 Olh\u00e3o, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6746-764X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Pous\u00e3o-Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquaculture Research Station of Olh\u00e3o (EPPO), IPMA, I.P.\u2014Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. do Parque Natural da Ria Formosa S\/N, 8700-194 Olh\u00e3o, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8565-2942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 O.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hidrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4320-2318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara C.","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hidrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6745-745X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Aquaculture, Upgrading and Bioprospection, IPMA, I.P.\u2014Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Doutor Alfredo Magalh\u00e3es Ramalho 6, 1495-165 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos S\/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3750-9583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Anacleto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre & ARNET, Aquatic Research Network, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa (FCUL), Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Division of Aquaculture, Upgrading and Bioprospection, IPMA, I.P.\u2014Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Doutor Alfredo Magalh\u00e3es Ramalho 6, 1495-165 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"FAO (2022). 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