{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:24:03Z","timestamp":1760059443985,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["PTDC\/CVT-CVT\/6798\/2020","CEECIND\/CP1663\/CT0004","CEECIND\/04304\/2017","SFRH\/BD\/140177\/2018","SFRH\/BD\/140119\/2018","ROTEIRO\/0028\/2013","LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-022125","CB 2021","PID2022-142908OB-I00","2021 SGR 01554","CEX2023-0001290-S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/CVT-CVT\/6798\/2020","CEECIND\/CP1663\/CT0004","CEECIND\/04304\/2017","SFRH\/BD\/140177\/2018","SFRH\/BD\/140119\/2018","ROTEIRO\/0028\/2013","LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-022125","CB 2021","PID2022-142908OB-I00","2021 SGR 01554","CEX2023-0001290-S"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["PTDC\/CVT-CVT\/6798\/2020","CEECIND\/CP1663\/CT0004","CEECIND\/04304\/2017","SFRH\/BD\/140177\/2018","SFRH\/BD\/140119\/2018","ROTEIRO\/0028\/2013","LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-022125","CB 2021","PID2022-142908OB-I00","2021 SGR 01554","CEX2023-0001290-S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/CVT-CVT\/6798\/2020","CEECIND\/CP1663\/CT0004","CEECIND\/04304\/2017","SFRH\/BD\/140177\/2018","SFRH\/BD\/140119\/2018","ROTEIRO\/0028\/2013","LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-022125","CB 2021","PID2022-142908OB-I00","2021 SGR 01554","CEX2023-0001290-S"]}]},{"name":"European Social Fund","award":["PTDC\/CVT-CVT\/6798\/2020","CEECIND\/CP1663\/CT0004","CEECIND\/04304\/2017","SFRH\/BD\/140177\/2018","SFRH\/BD\/140119\/2018","ROTEIRO\/0028\/2013","LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-022125","CB 2021","PID2022-142908OB-I00","2021 SGR 01554","CEX2023-0001290-S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/CVT-CVT\/6798\/2020","CEECIND\/CP1663\/CT0004","CEECIND\/04304\/2017","SFRH\/BD\/140177\/2018","SFRH\/BD\/140119\/2018","ROTEIRO\/0028\/2013","LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-022125","CB 2021","PID2022-142908OB-I00","2021 SGR 01554","CEX2023-0001290-S"]}]},{"name":"FCT by Individual Support","award":["PTDC\/CVT-CVT\/6798\/2020","CEECIND\/CP1663\/CT0004","CEECIND\/04304\/2017","SFRH\/BD\/140177\/2018","SFRH\/BD\/140119\/2018","ROTEIRO\/0028\/2013","LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-022125","CB 2021","PID2022-142908OB-I00","2021 SGR 01554","CEX2023-0001290-S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/CVT-CVT\/6798\/2020","CEECIND\/CP1663\/CT0004","CEECIND\/04304\/2017","SFRH\/BD\/140177\/2018","SFRH\/BD\/140119\/2018","ROTEIRO\/0028\/2013","LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-022125","CB 2021","PID2022-142908OB-I00","2021 SGR 01554","CEX2023-0001290-S"]}]},{"name":"PhD scholarships","award":["PTDC\/CVT-CVT\/6798\/2020","CEECIND\/CP1663\/CT0004","CEECIND\/04304\/2017","SFRH\/BD\/140177\/2018","SFRH\/BD\/140119\/2018","ROTEIRO\/0028\/2013","LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-022125","CB 2021","PID2022-142908OB-I00","2021 SGR 01554","CEX2023-0001290-S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/CVT-CVT\/6798\/2020","CEECIND\/CP1663\/CT0004","CEECIND\/04304\/2017","SFRH\/BD\/140177\/2018","SFRH\/BD\/140119\/2018","ROTEIRO\/0028\/2013","LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-022125","CB 2021","PID2022-142908OB-I00","2021 SGR 01554","CEX2023-0001290-S"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Mass Spectrometry Network","award":["PTDC\/CVT-CVT\/6798\/2020","CEECIND\/CP1663\/CT0004","CEECIND\/04304\/2017","SFRH\/BD\/140177\/2018","SFRH\/BD\/140119\/2018","ROTEIRO\/0028\/2013","LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-022125","CB 2021","PID2022-142908OB-I00","2021 SGR 01554","CEX2023-0001290-S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/CVT-CVT\/6798\/2020","CEECIND\/CP1663\/CT0004","CEECIND\/04304\/2017","SFRH\/BD\/140177\/2018","SFRH\/BD\/140119\/2018","ROTEIRO\/0028\/2013","LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-022125","CB 2021","PID2022-142908OB-I00","2021 SGR 01554","CEX2023-0001290-S"]}]},{"name":"CIBER-Consorcio Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red","award":["PTDC\/CVT-CVT\/6798\/2020","CEECIND\/CP1663\/CT0004","CEECIND\/04304\/2017","SFRH\/BD\/140177\/2018","SFRH\/BD\/140119\/2018","ROTEIRO\/0028\/2013","LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-022125","CB 2021","PID2022-142908OB-I00","2021 SGR 01554","CEX2023-0001290-S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/CVT-CVT\/6798\/2020","CEECIND\/CP1663\/CT0004","CEECIND\/04304\/2017","SFRH\/BD\/140177\/2018","SFRH\/BD\/140119\/2018","ROTEIRO\/0028\/2013","LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-022125","CB 2021","PID2022-142908OB-I00","2021 SGR 01554","CEX2023-0001290-S"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","award":["PTDC\/CVT-CVT\/6798\/2020","CEECIND\/CP1663\/CT0004","CEECIND\/04304\/2017","SFRH\/BD\/140177\/2018","SFRH\/BD\/140119\/2018","ROTEIRO\/0028\/2013","LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-022125","CB 2021","PID2022-142908OB-I00","2021 SGR 01554","CEX2023-0001290-S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/CVT-CVT\/6798\/2020","CEECIND\/CP1663\/CT0004","CEECIND\/04304\/2017","SFRH\/BD\/140177\/2018","SFRH\/BD\/140119\/2018","ROTEIRO\/0028\/2013","LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-022125","CB 2021","PID2022-142908OB-I00","2021 SGR 01554","CEX2023-0001290-S"]}]},{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","award":["PTDC\/CVT-CVT\/6798\/2020","CEECIND\/CP1663\/CT0004","CEECIND\/04304\/2017","SFRH\/BD\/140177\/2018","SFRH\/BD\/140119\/2018","ROTEIRO\/0028\/2013","LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-022125","CB 2021","PID2022-142908OB-I00","2021 SGR 01554","CEX2023-0001290-S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/CVT-CVT\/6798\/2020","CEECIND\/CP1663\/CT0004","CEECIND\/04304\/2017","SFRH\/BD\/140177\/2018","SFRH\/BD\/140119\/2018","ROTEIRO\/0028\/2013","LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-022125","CB 2021","PID2022-142908OB-I00","2021 SGR 01554","CEX2023-0001290-S"]}]},{"name":"Uni\u00f3n Europea\u2013NextGenerationEU","award":["PTDC\/CVT-CVT\/6798\/2020","CEECIND\/CP1663\/CT0004","CEECIND\/04304\/2017","SFRH\/BD\/140177\/2018","SFRH\/BD\/140119\/2018","ROTEIRO\/0028\/2013","LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-022125","CB 2021","PID2022-142908OB-I00","2021 SGR 01554","CEX2023-0001290-S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/CVT-CVT\/6798\/2020","CEECIND\/CP1663\/CT0004","CEECIND\/04304\/2017","SFRH\/BD\/140177\/2018","SFRH\/BD\/140119\/2018","ROTEIRO\/0028\/2013","LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-022125","CB 2021","PID2022-142908OB-I00","2021 SGR 01554","CEX2023-0001290-S"]}]},{"name":"AGAUR-SGR","award":["PTDC\/CVT-CVT\/6798\/2020","CEECIND\/CP1663\/CT0004","CEECIND\/04304\/2017","SFRH\/BD\/140177\/2018","SFRH\/BD\/140119\/2018","ROTEIRO\/0028\/2013","LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-022125","CB 2021","PID2022-142908OB-I00","2021 SGR 01554","CEX2023-0001290-S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/CVT-CVT\/6798\/2020","CEECIND\/CP1663\/CT0004","CEECIND\/04304\/2017","SFRH\/BD\/140177\/2018","SFRH\/BD\/140119\/2018","ROTEIRO\/0028\/2013","LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-022125","CB 2021","PID2022-142908OB-I00","2021 SGR 01554","CEX2023-0001290-S"]}]},{"name":"MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","award":["PTDC\/CVT-CVT\/6798\/2020","CEECIND\/CP1663\/CT0004","CEECIND\/04304\/2017","SFRH\/BD\/140177\/2018","SFRH\/BD\/140119\/2018","ROTEIRO\/0028\/2013","LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-022125","CB 2021","PID2022-142908OB-I00","2021 SGR 01554","CEX2023-0001290-S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/CVT-CVT\/6798\/2020","CEECIND\/CP1663\/CT0004","CEECIND\/04304\/2017","SFRH\/BD\/140177\/2018","SFRH\/BD\/140119\/2018","ROTEIRO\/0028\/2013","LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-022125","CB 2021","PID2022-142908OB-I00","2021 SGR 01554","CEX2023-0001290-S"]}]},{"name":"Generalitat de Catalunya","award":["PTDC\/CVT-CVT\/6798\/2020","CEECIND\/CP1663\/CT0004","CEECIND\/04304\/2017","SFRH\/BD\/140177\/2018","SFRH\/BD\/140119\/2018","ROTEIRO\/0028\/2013","LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-022125","CB 2021","PID2022-142908OB-I00","2021 SGR 01554","CEX2023-0001290-S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/CVT-CVT\/6798\/2020","CEECIND\/CP1663\/CT0004","CEECIND\/04304\/2017","SFRH\/BD\/140177\/2018","SFRH\/BD\/140119\/2018","ROTEIRO\/0028\/2013","LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-022125","CB 2021","PID2022-142908OB-I00","2021 SGR 01554","CEX2023-0001290-S"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Leishmania is an intracellular protozoan parasite that causes leishmaniasis, a disease prevalent in 97 countries. Co-infection with HIV increases susceptibility to visceral leishmaniasis (VL), accelerating HIV\u2019s progression to AIDS. Managing VL in HIV-infected individuals is challenging due to atypical presentations and limited therapeutic responses, highlighting the need to develop new disease management strategies. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) hold great promise for this goal as they can be used for a higher understanding of biological processes and biomarker discovery. In this context, a proteomic analysis was carried out from plasma-EVs of an HIV\/VL patient over two years and compared to HIV and healthy controls. The analysis confirmed classical EV markers but showed limited detection of Leishmania proteins. However, variations in human protein abundance related to relevant immunological processes were observed. Notably, the macrophage receptor with a collagenous structure (MARCO) was consistently detected only in the patient and not in the control groups. Significantly, the relevance of MARCO as a possible VL biomarker was confirmed using a validation cohort with five VL patients and its detection by Western Blot was possible. Although MARCO warrants further investigation as a VL related biomarker, the study of EVs confirmed their promise of being a privileged window into this disease. Future studies are needed to broaden data on EVs in infections to improve clinical management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26125691","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T09:51:24Z","timestamp":1749808284000},"page":"5691","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Proteomic Profiling Identifies MARCO in Extracellular Vesicles, as a Potential Biomarker for Leishmaniasis in HIV Co-Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6299-8417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Costa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5902-1557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Isabel","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Esteves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"C\u00e1tia","family":"Caldas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Doen\u00e7as Infeciosas, Centro Hospitalar e Universit\u00e1rio de S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6362-8255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo","family":"Os\u00f3rio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Ipatimup\u2013Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Nuno","family":"Santar\u00e9m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5154-0013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"Fernandez-Becerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Facultat de Medicina i Ci\u00e8ncies de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08007 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"IGTP Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain"},{"name":"CIBERINFEC, ISCIII-CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Anabela","family":"Cordeiro-da-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]]},"reference":[{"unstructured":"WHO (2024, January 12). Leishmaniasis. Fact Sheet. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/en\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/leishmaniasis#.","key":"ref_1"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldl003","article-title":"Current understandings on the immunology of leishmaniasis and recent developments in prevention and treatment","volume":"75\u201376","author":"Roberts","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. Med. Bull."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-9062.179209","article-title":"Laboratory Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"53","author":"Sakkas","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Vector Borne Dis."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Nedawi, K., Meehan, B., Micallef, J., Lhotak, V., May, L., Guha, A., and Rak, J. (2008). Intercellular transfer of the oncogenic receptor EGFRvIII by microvesicles derived from tumour cells. Nat. Cell Biol., 6.","key":"ref_4","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb1725"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"356","article-title":"Emerging role of extracellular vesicles in inflammatory diseases","volume":"6","author":"Nagy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-03-1095","article-title":"Tissue-factor-bearing microvesicles arise from lipid rafts and fuse with activated platelets to initiate coagulation","volume":"106","author":"Shrimpton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"98","article-title":"Exosome\/microvesicle-mediated epigenetic reprogramming of cells","volume":"1","author":"Camussi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Cancer Res."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y\u00e1\u00f1ez-M\u00f3, M., Siljander, P.R.-M., Andreu, Z., Bedina Zavec, A., Borr\u00e0s, F.E., Buzas, E.I., Buzas, K., Casal, E., Cappello, F., and Carvalho, J. (2015). Biological properties of extracellular vesicles and their physiological functions. J. Extracell. Vesicles, 4.","key":"ref_8","DOI":"10.3402\/jev.v4.27066"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jerobin, J., Abou-Samra, A.-B., Mir, R., Kumar, R., Sadida, H.Q., Akil, A.S.A.-S., Macha, M.A., Algehainy, N., Bhat, A.A., and Kumar, M.A. (2024). Extracellular vesicles as tools and targets in therapy for diseases. Signal Transduct. Target. Ther., 9.","key":"ref_9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01735-1"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silverman, J.M., Chan, S.K., Robinson, D.P., Dwyer, D.M., Nandan, D., Foster, L.J., and Reiner, N.E. (2008). Proteomic analysis of the secretome of Leishmania donovani. Genome Biol., 9.","key":"ref_10","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2008-9-2-r35"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esteves, S., Costa, I., Luelmo, S., Santar\u00e9m, N., and Cordeiro-da-Silva, A. (2022). Leishmania Vesicle-Depleted Exoproteome: What, Why, and How?. Microorganisms, 10.","key":"ref_11","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10122435"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2013.04.005","article-title":"Proteomic analysis reveals differentially expressed proteins in macrophages infected with Leishmania amazonensis or Leishmania major","volume":"15","author":"Menezes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kasra Hassani, M.O. (2013). Immunomodulatory Impact of Leishmania-Induced Macrophage Exosomes: A Comparative Proteomic and Functional Analysis. PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis., 7.","key":"ref_13","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002185"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, N., Gioseffi, A., Hamerly, T., Van, K., Dinglasan, R.R., A Yates, P., and E Kima, P. (2020). Leishmania-infected macrophages release extracellular vesicles that can promote lesion development. Life Sci. Alliance, 3.","key":"ref_14","DOI":"10.26508\/lsa.202000742"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esteves, S., Lima, C., Costa, I., Os\u00f3rio, H., Fernandez-Becerra, C., Santar\u00e9m, N., and Cordeiro-da-Silva, A. (2023). Characterization and proteomic analysis of plasma EVs recovered from healthy and diseased dogs with Canine Leishmaniosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","key":"ref_15","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065490"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aparici-Herraiz, I., Gualdr\u00f3n-L\u00f3pez, M., Castro-Cavad\u00eda, C.J., Carmona-Fonseca, J., Yasnot, M.F., Fernandez-Becerra, C., and Del Portillo, H.A. (2022). Antigen Discovery in Circulating Extracellular Vesicles From Plasmodium vivax Patients. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 11.","key":"ref_16","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.811390"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1846","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2608.191042","article-title":"Plasma-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as Potential Biomarkers in Heart Transplant Patient with Chronic Chagas Disease","volume":"26","author":"Mendes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, X., Wang, S., Zhang, J., Li, R., Zhang, Y., Wang, Z., Kong, Q., Cho, W.C., Ju, X., and Shen, Y. (2022). Proteomic profiling of serum extracellular vesicles identifies diagnostic markers for echinococcosis. PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis., 16.","key":"ref_18","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010814"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cortes-Serra, N., Pinazo, M.-J., Fernandez-Becerra, C., Torrecilhas, A.C., and Gualdron-Lopez, M. (2022). Extracellular Vesicles in Trypanosoma cruzi Infection: Immunomodulatory Effects and Future Perspectives as Potential Control Tools against Chagas Disease. J. Immunol. Res., 2022.","key":"ref_19","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/5230603"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gualdr\u00f3n-L\u00f3pez, M., D\u00edaz-Varela, M., Zanghi, G., Aparici-Herraiz, I., Steel, R.W.J., Sch\u00e4fer, C., Cusc\u00f3, P., Chuenchob, V., Kangwangransan, N., and Billman, Z.P. (2022). Mass Spectrometry Identification of Biomarkers in Extracellular Vesicles From Plasmodium vivax Liver Hypnozoite Infections. Mol. Cell Proteom., 21.","key":"ref_20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcpro.2022.100406"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2024.03.008","article-title":"Leishmania and HIV co-infection: First naturally Leishmania strain presenting decreased susceptibility to miltefosine, recovered from a patient in Portugal","volume":"17","author":"Pinto","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Health"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Th\u00e9ry, C., Witwer, K.W., Aikawa, E., Alcaraz, M.J., Anderson, J.D., Andriantsitohaina, R., Antoniou, A., Arab, T., Archer, F., and Atkin-Smith, G.K. (2018). Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018): A position statement of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles and update of the MISEV2014 guidelines. J. Extracell. Vesicles, 7.","key":"ref_22","DOI":"10.1080\/20013078.2018.1535750"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toda, H., Diaz-Varela, M., Segui-Barber, J., Roobsoong, W., Baro, B., Garcia-Silva, S., Galiano, A., Gualdr\u00f3n-L\u00f3pez, M., Almeida, A.G.G., and Brito, M.A.M. (2020). Plasma-derived extracellular vesicles from Plasmodium vivax patients signal spleen fibroblasts via NF-kB facilitating parasite cytoadherence. Nat. Commun., 11.","key":"ref_23","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16337-y"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D1694","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkad1007","article-title":"Vesiclepedia 2024: An extracellular vesicles and extracellular particles repository","volume":"52","author":"Chitti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Musante, L., Duriez, E., Byrne, B., Ravid\u00e0, A., Domon, B., Holthofer, H., and Saraswat, M. (2012). Biochemical and physical characterisation of urinary nanovesicles following CHAPS treatment. PLoS ONE, 7.","key":"ref_25","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037279"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silverman, J.M., and Reiner, N.E. (2011). Leishmania Exosomes Deliver Preemptive Strikes to Create an Environment Permissive for Early Infection. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 1.","key":"ref_26","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2011.00026"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0611326","article-title":"Secreted virulence factors and immune evasion in visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"91","author":"Lambertz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, S., Baker, K., Padman, B.S., Patwa, R., Dunstan, R.A., Weston, T.A., Schlosser, K., Bailey, B., Lithgow, T., and Lazarou, M. (2018). Bacteriophage Transcytosis Provides a Mechanism To Cross Epithelial Cell Layers. Am. Soc. Microbiol., 8.","key":"ref_28","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01874-17"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2172","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-1202","article-title":"Bacterial Transcytosis across Conjunctival M Cells","volume":"48","author":"Petris","year":"2007","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campos, F.M., Carvalho, L.H., Teixeira-Carvalho, A., Franklin, B.S., Filho, A.L., de Paula, S.C., Fontes, C.J., and Brito, C.F. (2010). Augmented plasma microparticles during acute Plasmodium vivax infection. Malar. J., 9.","key":"ref_30","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-9-327"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Menezes-Neto, A., S\u00e1ez, M.J., Lozano-Ramos, I., Segui-Barber, J., Martin-Jaular, L., Ullate, J.M., Fernandez-Becerra, C., Borr\u00e1s, F.E., and Del Portillo, H.A. (2015). Size-exclusion chromatography as a stand-alone methodology identifies novel markers in mass spectrometry analyses of plasma-derived vesicles from healthy individuals. J. Extracell. Vesicles, 4.","key":"ref_31","DOI":"10.3402\/jev.v4.27378"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dos Santos, P.L., Reed, S.G., Santos, M.L.B., Cunha, L.C.S., Lino, M.T.B., Bomfim, M.O.M., Silva, A.M., de Jesus, A.R., de Moura, T.R., and de Almeida, R.P. (2016). The Severity of Visceral Leishmaniasis Correlates with Elevated Levels of Serum IL-6, IL-27 and sCD14. PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis., 10.","key":"ref_32","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004375"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv145","article-title":"High Soluble CD14 Levels at Primary HIV-1 Infection Predict More Rapid Disease Progression","volume":"212","author":"Krastinova","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giri, P.K., and Schorey, J.S. (2008). Exosomes derived from M. Bovis BCG infected macrophages activate antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in vitro and in vivo. PLoS ONE, 3.","key":"ref_34","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002461"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.4.1920-1928.2004","article-title":"Toll-Like Receptor 4 Contributes to Efficient Control of Infection with the Protozoan Parasite Leishmania major","volume":"4","author":"Kropf","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pessenda, G., and da Silva, J.S. (2020). Arginase and its mechanisms in Leishmania persistence. Parasite Immunol., 42.","key":"ref_36","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12722"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, I., Hailu, A., Choi, B.S., Abebe, T., Fuentes, J.M., Munder, M., Modolell, M., and Kropf, P. (2008). Age-related alteration of arginase activity impacts on severity of leishmaniasis. PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis., 2.","key":"ref_37","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000235"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6085","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.9.6085-6090.2005","article-title":"Arginase I induction during Leishmania major infection mediates the development of disease","volume":"73","author":"Iniesta","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.04-3416fje","article-title":"Arginase and polyamine synthesis are key factors in the regulation of experimental leishmaniasis in vivo","volume":"19","author":"Kropf","year":"2005","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Solano-G\u00e1lvez, S.G., Guti\u00e9rrez-Kobeh, L., \u00c1lvarez-Hern\u00e1ndez, D.-A., and V\u00e1zquez-L\u00f3pez, R. (2021). Leishmania: Manipulation of signaling pathways to inhibit host cell apoptosis. Ther. Adv. Infect. Dis., 8.","key":"ref_40","DOI":"10.1177\/20499361211014977"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ibarra-Meneses, A.V., Sanchez, C., Alvar, J., Carrillo, E., and Moreno, J. (2017). Monocyte Chemotactic Protein 1 in Plasma from Soluble Leishmania Antigen-Stimulated Whole Blood as a Potential Biomarker of the Cellular Immune Response to Leishmania infantum. Front. Immunol., 8.","key":"ref_41","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01208"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2007.06.004","article-title":"Macrophage scavenger receptors and host-derived ligands","volume":"43","author":"Neyen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2008.00728.x","article-title":"Conserved domains of the class A scavenger receptors: Evolution and function","volume":"227","author":"Gordon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kanno, S., Hirano, S., Sakamoto, T., Furuyama, A., Takase, H., Kato, H., Fukuta, M., and Aoki, Y. (2020). Scavenger receptor MARCO contributes to cellular internalization of exosomes by dynamin-dependent endocytosis and macropinocytosis. Sci. Rep., 10.","key":"ref_44","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-78464-2"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-03-276733","article-title":"SR-A\/MARCO-mediated ligand delivery enhances intracellular TLR and NLR function, but ligand scavenging from cell surface limits TLR4 response to pathogens","volume":"117","author":"Mukhopadhyay","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2016.20","article-title":"A naturally occurring transcript variant of MARCO reveals the SRCR domain is critical for function","volume":"94","author":"Novakowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.05.037","article-title":"Bone marrow-derived and resident liver macrophages display unique transcriptomic signatures but similar biological functions","volume":"65","author":"Beattie","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2018.01.001","article-title":"Fetal monocytes and the origins of tissue-resident macrophages","volume":"330","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06002-x","article-title":"Physiology and diseases of tissue-resident macrophages","volume":"618","author":"Lazarov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"120","article-title":"The role of the class A scavenger receptors, SR-A and MARCO, in the immune system. Part 2. Contribution to recognition and phagocytosis of pathogens as well as induction of immune response","volume":"66","year":"2012","journal-title":"Postepy Hig. Med. Dosw. (Online)"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pessenda, G., Ferreira, T.R., Paun, A., Kabat, J., Amaral, E.P., Kamenyeva, O., Gazzinelli-Guimaraes, P.H., Perera, S.R., Ganesan, S., and Lee, S.H. (2025). Kupffer cell and recruited macrophage heterogeneity orchestrate granuloma maturation and hepatic immunity in visceral leishmaniasis. Nat. Commun., 16.","key":"ref_51","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-58360-x"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2009.01093.x","article-title":"The scavenger receptor MARCO is involved in Leishmania major infection by CBA\/J macrophages","volume":"31","author":"Gomes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200535389","article-title":"MARCO, an innate activation marker of macrophages, is a class A scavenger receptor for Neisseria meningitidis","volume":"36","author":"Mukhopadhyay","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.13633","article-title":"Association of decreased expression of the macrophage scavenger receptor MARCO with tumor progression and poor prognosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"32","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"859","article-title":"Epidemiology of leishmaniases in Portugal","volume":"23","author":"Campino","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Med. Port."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182013001388","article-title":"The impact of distinct culture media in Leishmania infantum biology and infectivity","volume":"141","author":"Cunha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moreira, D., Amorim, A.M., Cordeiro-Da-Silva, A., Tavares, J., Silvestre, R., Santar\u00e9m, N., Silva, A.M., and Loureiro, I. (2012). Impact of continuous axenic cultivation in Leishmania infantum virulence. PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis.","key":"ref_57","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001469"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03540.x","article-title":"Evaluation of rK28 antigen for serodiagnosis of visceral Leishmaniasis in India","volume":"18","author":"Vaish","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pattabhi, S., Whittle, J., Mohamath, R., El-Safi, S., Moulton, G.G., Guderian, J.A., Colombara, D., Abdoon, A.O., Mukhtar, M.M., and Mondal, D. (2010). Design, development and evaluation of rK28-based point-of-care tests for improving rapid diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis., 4.","key":"ref_59","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000822"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u00edaz-Varela, M., de Menezes-Neto, A., Perez-Zsolt, D., G\u00e1mez-Valero, A., Barber, J.S., Izquierdo-Useros, N., Martinez-Picado, J., Fern\u00e1ndez-Becerra, C., and Del Portillo, H.A. (2018). Proteomics study of human cord blood reticulocyte-derived exosomes. Sci. Rep., 8.","key":"ref_60","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-32386-2"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Os\u00f3rio, H., Silva, C., Ferreira, M., Gullo, I., M\u00e1ximo, V., Barros, R., Mendon\u00e7a, F., Oliveira, C., and Carneiro, F. (2021). Proteomics Analysis of Gastric Cancer Patients with Diabetes Mellitus. J. Clin. Med., 10.","key":"ref_61","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10030407"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkn923","article-title":"Bioinformatics enrichment tools: Paths toward the comprehensive functional analysis of large gene lists","volume":"37","author":"Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/12\/5691\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:51:36Z","timestamp":1760032296000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/12\/5691"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms26125691"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26125691","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1422-0067"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]]}}}