{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T05:44:16Z","timestamp":1770356656932,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,13]],"date-time":"2025-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752364800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Algerian Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research","award":["20223A5CCF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20223A5CCF"]}]},{"name":"Algerian Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research","award":["UID\/50006\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/50006\/2023"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of University and Research","award":["20223A5CCF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20223A5CCF"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of University and Research","award":["UID\/50006\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/50006\/2023"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia and the Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia, e Ensino Superior","award":["20223A5CCF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20223A5CCF"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia and the Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia, e Ensino Superior","award":["UID\/50006\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/50006\/2023"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Employment Stimulus\u2014Institutional Call","award":["20223A5CCF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20223A5CCF"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Employment Stimulus\u2014Institutional Call","award":["UID\/50006\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/50006\/2023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, an efficient and cost-effective nanocomposite material based on Opuntia ficus indica (cactus) powder modified with iron oxide nanoparticles was developed as an adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue (MB), a common water pollutant. The nanocomposite was synthesized through the co-precipitation method of Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions and characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Batch adsorption experiments were conducted over 24 h, varying different operational conditions, such as pH, temperature and initial pollutant concentration. Furthermore, a Box\u2013Behnken design was employed to develop an empirical model for predicting removal efficiency and optimizing the adsorption conditions. The effects of adsorption variables including contact time (1\u201360 min), initial MB concentration (20\u2013100 mg\/L), pH (2\u201312), adsorbent dosage (2\u20136 g\/L) and temperature (25\u201355 \u00b0C) on the removal capacity were examined. Under optimal conditions, the maximum removal efficiency of MB reached approximately 96%, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 174 mg\/g, as predicted by the Langmuir model. The synthesized cactus\/iron oxide nanocomposite demonstrated significant potential as an adsorbent for treating MB-contaminated water.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26146717","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T09:45:52Z","timestamp":1752572752000},"page":"6717","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Synthesis and Characterization of a Nanocomposite Based on Opuntia ficus indica for Efficient Removal of Methylene Blue Dye: Adsorption Kinetics and Optimization by Response Surface Methodology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Yasser","family":"Boumezough","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Environmental Process Engineering, Faculty of Process Engineering, University Salah Boubnider Constantine 3, Constantine 25000, Algeria"},{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3458-8901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianluca","family":"Viscusi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy"}]},{"given":"Sihem","family":"Arris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Environmental Process Engineering, Faculty of Process Engineering, University Salah Boubnider Constantine 3, Constantine 25000, Algeria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2933-1412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuliana","family":"Gorrasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9913-4671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00f3nia A. C.","family":"Carabineiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s43621-024-00242-1","article-title":"Sustainable Futures: From Causes of Environmental Degradation to Solutions","volume":"5","author":"Alves","year":"2024","journal-title":"Discov. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.141011","article-title":"Rapid and Efficient Removal of Methylene Blue Dye from Aqueous Solutions Using Extract-Modified Zn\u2013Al LDH","volume":"350","author":"Bagherzadeh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"European Parliament (2022). 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