{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T04:12:23Z","timestamp":1775016743915,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010434","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o La Caixa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PD21-00009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD21-00009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010434","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology\/MCTES","award":["UIDB\/00709\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00709\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology\/MCTES","award":["UIDP\/00709\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00709\/2020"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020518","name":"Centre for Mechanical and Aerospace Science and Technologies","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["UIDB\/00151\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00151\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020518","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Cistus salviifolius L. and Helichrysum stoechas (L.) DC extracts against S. aureus, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains. To this end, assays were conducted to assess killing kinetics, antibiotic combination effects, modulatory effects on ethidium bromide, inhibition of quorum sensing, and biofilm formation. H. stoechas extract demonstrated the strongest activity, with MIC values ranging from 7.8 to 62.5 \u00b5g\/mL. When combined with antibiotics such as ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, or vancomycin, the extracts of C. salviifolius and H. stoechas predominantly exhibited synergistic (FICI value \u2264 0.5) or additive effects (0.5 &lt; FICI \u2264 1), with some combinations resensitizing resistant strains. The aerial parts of C. salviifolius displayed modulatory effects on ethidium bromide MIC, reducing the concentration from 32 to 8 \u00b5g\/mL, suggesting efflux pump inhibitory activity. In addition, this extract displayed slight quorum-sensing inhibition at a concentration of 125 \u00b5g\/mL. Moreover, C. salviifolius and H. stoechas extracts inhibit the formation of biofilm by S. aureus strains, even at subinhibitory concentrations (0.5\u00d7 and 0.25\u00d7 MIC). The presence of compounds such as myricetin 3 O-galactoside, catechin derivatives, gallic acid, kaempferol, and chlorogenic acid in the extracts may contribute to their anti-Staphylococcus activity. These results demonstrated the dual antimicrobial and antivirulence potential of C. salviifolius and H. stoechas extracts, highlighting their promise as therapeutic agents or adjuvants against S. aureus. These extracts can be promising candidates for further studies on the development of novel strategies targeting multiple pathogenic pathways.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262311331","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T10:24:17Z","timestamp":1763979857000},"page":"11331","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Assessment of the Antimicrobial Activity of Cistus salviifolius L. and Helichrysum stoechas (L.) DC Extracts and Their Synergistic Potential with Conventional Antibiotics Against Staphylococcus aureus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0652-4342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Coimbra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"RISE-Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0712-6522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c2ngelo","family":"Lu\u00eds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RISE-Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1691-1709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro Dinis","family":"Gaspar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"C-MAST\u2014Center for Mechanical and Aerospace Science and Technologies, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8308-2862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RISE-Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3333-5977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Paula","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RISE-Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nandhini, P., Kumar, P., Mickymaray, S., Alothaim, A.S., Somasundaram, J., and Rajan, M. (2022). Recent Developments in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Treatment: A Review. 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