{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T05:21:40Z","timestamp":1766553700586,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04469\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04469\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"LABBELS\u2014Associate Laboratory in Biotechnology, Bioengineering and Microelectromechanical Systems","award":["LA\/P\/0029\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0029\/2020"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007048","name":"EEA Grants","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PT-INNOVATION-0096"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PT-INNOVATION-0096"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007048","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Collagen, the most abundant structural protein in animals, is fundamental for tissue integrity and regeneration. Conventional mammalian sources face limitations related to sustainability, safety, and ethical concerns, underscoring the need for alternative biomaterials. Marine organisms, particularly jellyfish, offer a promising eco-friendly collagen source. In this study, collagen and collagen-derived peptides were extracted from the cnidarian Physalia physalis and biochemically characterized. Circular dichroism demonstrated partial loss of triple-helix structure, while SDS-PAGE revealed type I collagen related \u03b1-chains together with low-molecular-weight fragments. The hydrolyzed collagen fractions exhibited keratinocyte and fibroblast cytocompatibility and increased keratinocyte migration. Moreover, P. physalis-derived peptides modulated inflammatory cytokine release in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages reducing tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-\u03b1 by 38% and increasing interleukin (IL)-10 by 29%. Based on these results, a stable bioactive serum formulation incorporating P. physalis collagen peptides was developed. Overall, this work demonstrates that bioactive peptides from P. physalis possess immunomodulatory and regenerative potential and represent a promising new marine resource for cosmetic applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27010033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T14:27:16Z","timestamp":1766154436000},"page":"33","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Physalia physalis\u2014A Source of Bioactive Collagen for the Cosmetic Industry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Raquel","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Abel Salazar Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Animal Science Studies, Institute of Science, Technology and Agroenvironment (CECA-ICETA), University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, Inov4Agro, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Cristiana","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEB\u2014Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2014Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2252-6666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Ferreira-Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEB\u2014Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2014Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5468-8491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Augusto","family":"Costa-Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBMA\u2014Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1415-4428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Sampaio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBMA\u2014Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5204-5046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Abel Salazar Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Fidalgo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mesosystem Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o & Investimentos by Spinpark, Barco, 4805-017 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5834-6141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana N.","family":"Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, Inov4Agro, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4918-3704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 A.","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEB\u2014Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2014Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8221-419X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Botelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Abel Salazar Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Animal Science Studies, Institute of Science, Technology and Agroenvironment (CECA-ICETA), University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Associated Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pu, S.-Y., Huang, Y.-L., Pu, C.-M., Kang, Y.-N., Hoang, K.D., Chen, K.-H., and Chen, C. (2023). Effects of Oral Collagen for Skin Anti-Aging: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15092080"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2015.11.001","article-title":"Extracellular matrix structure","volume":"97","author":"Theocharis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barzkar, N., Sukhikh, S., Babich, O., Venmathi Maran, B.A., and Tamadoni Jahromi, S. (2023). Marine collagen: Purification, properties and application. Front. Mar. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2023.1245077"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cadar, E., Pesterau, A.-M., Prasacu, I., Ionescu, A.-M., Pascale, C., Dragan, A.-M.L., Sirbu, R., and Tomescu, C.L. (2024). Marine Antioxidants from Marine Collagen and Collagen Peptides with Nutraceuticals Applications: A Review. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13080919"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3233(05)70009-7","article-title":"Molecular Structure of the Collagen Triple Helix","volume":"70","author":"Brodsky","year":"2005","journal-title":"Adv. Protein Chem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2021.08.013","article-title":"Sequence-dependent mechanics of collagen reflect its structural and functional organization","volume":"120","author":"Lyons","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mbplus.2021.100079","article-title":"Collagen fibril assembly: New approaches to unanswered questions","volume":"12","author":"Revell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Matrix Biol. Plus"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.2174\/1389557523666230816090054","article-title":"Mechanism of Action of Collagen and Epidermal Growth Factor: A Review on Theory and Research Methods","volume":"24","author":"Shahrajabian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mini-Rev. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amirrah, I.N., Lokanathan, Y., Zulkiflee, I., Wee, M.F.M.R., Motta, A., and Fauzi, M.B. (2022). A Comprehensive Review on Collagen Type I Development of Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering: From Biosynthesis to Bioscaffold. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10092307"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"a004978","article-title":"The Collagen Family","volume":"3","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carvalho, A.M., Marques, A.P., Silva, T.H., and Reis, R.L. (2018). Evaluation of the Potential of Collagen from Codfish Skin as a Biomaterial for Biomedical Applications. Mar. Drugs, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/md16120495"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2825","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-023-05800-5","article-title":"Jellyfish Rhizostoma pulmo collected off Goa Coast (India) as a rich source of tryptophan containing collagen and its enhanced antioxidant potential","volume":"60","author":"James","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb46030132","article-title":"Use of Collagen in Cosmetic Products","volume":"46","author":"Jadach","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.4081\/jphia.2023.2505","article-title":"Challenges and strategies for collagen delivery for tissue regeneration","volume":"14","author":"Agustina","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Public Health Afr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e36433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e36433","article-title":"Hydrolyzed collagen: Exploring its applications in the food and beverage industries and assessing its impact on human health\u2014A comprehensive review","volume":"10","author":"Salla","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geahchan, S., Baharlouei, P., and Rahman, A. (2022). Marine Collagen: A Promising Biomaterial for Wound Healing, Skin Anti-Aging, and Bone Regeneration. Mar. Drugs, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/md20010061"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maia, F.R.A., Oliveira, J.M., and Reis, R.L. (2023). Current Marine-Derived Materials for Tissue Regeneration Applications. Handbook of the Extracellular Matrix, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-92090-6"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pozzolini, M., Millo, E., Oliveri, C., Mirata, S., Salis, A., Damonte, G., Arkel, M., and Scarf\u00ec, S. (2018). Elicited ROS Scavenging Activity, Photoprotective, and Wound-Healing Properties of Collagen-Derived Peptides from the Marine Sponge Chondrosia reniformis. Mar. Drugs, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/md16120465"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2020.110963","article-title":"Marine collagen and its derivatives: Versatile and sustainable bio-resources for healthcare","volume":"113","author":"Salvatore","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, N., Tang, Y., Wang, Y., Guan, X., Yu, W., Jiang, T., Lu, L., and Gu, Y. (2023). A SIRT6 Inhibitor, Marine-Derived Pyrrole-Pyridinimidazole Derivative 8a, Suppresses Angiogenesis. Mar. Drugs, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/md21100517"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.afres.2025.101165","article-title":"Jellyfish collagen: A promising and sustainable marine biomaterial with emerging applications in food, cosmetics, and biomedical\u2014A review","volume":"5","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csr.2023.105012","article-title":"Jellyfish biodiversity and abundance patterns in northern Patagonia (Vald\u00e9s Biosphere Reserve, UNESCO 2014)","volume":"260","author":"Nocera","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"msac027","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msac027","article-title":"Evolution of Gene Expression across Species and Specialized Zooids in Siphonophora","volume":"39","author":"Munro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15522","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-51842-1","article-title":"Morphology and development of the Portuguese man of war, Physalia physalis","volume":"9","author":"Munro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-18-1291-2021","article-title":"Role of jellyfish in the plankton ecosystem revealed using a global ocean biogeochemical model","volume":"18","author":"Wright","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2021.105810","article-title":"A model-based management tool to predict the spread of Physalia physalis in the Mediterranean Sea. Minimizing risks for coastal activities","volume":"212","author":"Prieto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ocean. Coast. Manag."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11545","DOI":"10.1038\/srep11545","article-title":"Portuguese Man-of-War (Physalia physalis) in the Mediterranean: A permanent invasion or a casual appearance?","volume":"5","author":"Prieto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilcox, C., Headlam, J., Doyle, T., and Yanagihara, A. (2017). Assessing the Efficacy of First-Aid Measures in Physalia sp. Envenomation, Using Solution- and Blood Agarose-Based Models. Toxins, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins9050149"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bax, N.J., Miloslavich, P., Muller-Karger, F.E., Allain, V., Appeltans, W., Batten, S.D., Benedetti-Cecchi, L., Buttigieg, P.L., Chiba, S., and Costa, D.P. (2019). A Response to Scientific and Societal Needs for Marine Biological Observations. Front. Mar. Sci., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2019.00395"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2012.707657","article-title":"Portuguese man-of-war (Physalia physalis) envenomation on the Aquitaine Coast of France: An emerging health risk","volume":"50","author":"Labadie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2015.09.094","article-title":"Nutritional composition and total collagen content of three commercially important edible jellyfish","volume":"196","author":"Khong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.3390\/md9060967","article-title":"Isolation, Characterization and Biological Evaluation of Jellyfish Collagen for Use in Biomedical Applications","volume":"9","author":"Addad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, X., Shao, Z., Li, C., Yu, L., Raja, M.A., and Liu, C. (2017). Isolation, Characterization and Evaluation of Collagen from Jellyfish Rhopilema esculentum Kishinouye for Use in Hemostatic Applications. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169731"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjtee.2018.10.004","article-title":"The wound healing potential of collagen peptides derived from the jellyfish Rhopilema esculentum","volume":"22","author":"Felician","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. J. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2013.10.116","article-title":"Characterisation of acid-soluble and pepsin-solubilised collagen from jellyfish (Cyanea nozakii Kishinouye)","volume":"150","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.7b00979","article-title":"Type I Collagen from Jellyfish Catostylus mosaicus for Biomaterial Applications","volume":"4","author":"Rastian","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-8146(00)00081-9","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of collagen from rhizostomous jellyfish (Rhopilema asamushi)","volume":"70","author":"Nagai","year":"2000","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3852","DOI":"10.3390\/md12073852","article-title":"Type II Collagen and Gelatin from Silvertip Shark (Carcharhinus albimarginatus) Cartilage: Isolation, Purification, Physicochemical and Antioxidant Properties","volume":"12","author":"Jeevithan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.3390\/ma3031863","article-title":"Collagen-Based Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering Applications","volume":"3","author":"Gauvin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2004.11.001","article-title":"Structure and conformation of intramolecularly cross-linked collagen","volume":"41","author":"Usha","year":"2005","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-009-3019-y","article-title":"Collagen types analysis and differentiation by FTIR spectroscopy","volume":"395","author":"Belbachir","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2015.10.070","article-title":"Extraction and characterization of acid-soluble collagen from scales and skin of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)","volume":"66","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"LWT-Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5881","DOI":"10.3390\/md12125881","article-title":"Marine Origin Collagens and Its Potential Applications","volume":"12","author":"Silva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tziveleka, L.-A., Ioannou, E., Tsiourvas, D., Berillis, P., Foufa, E., and Roussis, V. (2017). Collagen from the Marine Sponges Axinella cannabina and Suberites carnosus: Isolation and Morphological, Biochemical, and Biophysical Characterization. Mar. Drugs, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/md15060152"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms11020407","article-title":"The Fibrillar Collagen Family","volume":"11","author":"Exposito","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.4256","article-title":"MSFragger: Ultrafast and comprehensive peptide identification in mass spectrometry\u2013based proteomics","volume":"14","author":"Kong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.TIR120.002048","article-title":"Fast Quantitative Analysis of timsTOF PASEF Data with MSFragger and IonQuant","volume":"19","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.4c00962","article-title":"Classification of Collagens via Peptide Ambiguation, in a Paleoproteomic LC-MS\/MS-Based Taxonomic Pipeline","volume":"24","author":"Engels","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1039\/D3FO04455F","article-title":"The targeted development of collagen-active peptides based on composite enzyme hydrolysis: A study on the structure\u2013activity relationship","volume":"15","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1177\/08839115221138773","article-title":"Biophysical and in vitro wound healing assessment of collagen peptides processed from fish skin waste","volume":"38","author":"HK","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Bioact. Compat. Polym."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hou, N.-T., and Chen, B.-H. (2023). Preparation of Nanoemulsions with Low-Molecular-Weight Collagen Peptides from Sturgeon Fish Skin and Evaluation of Anti-Diabetic and Wound-Healing Effects in Mice. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15092304"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0050","DOI":"10.34133\/bdr.0050","article-title":"Unlocking the Potential of Collagenases: Structures, Functions, and Emerging Therapeutic Horizons","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"BioDesign Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcab.2018.05.005","article-title":"Collagen and collagenolytic proteases: A review","volume":"15","author":"Bhagwat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.138086","article-title":"The role of extraction method to collagen substrates in enzymolysis of type I collagenase","volume":"283","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, S., Zhao, Y., Song, W., Zhang, C., Wang, Q., Li, R., Shen, Y., Gong, S., Li, M., and Sun, L. (2023). Improving the Sustainability of Processing By-Products: Extraction and Recent Biological Activities of Collagen Peptides. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12101965"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maksimoska, V., Dan, Q., Rambharack, N., and Sz\u00e1szi, K. (2025). Keratinocyte-derived VEGF-A is an essential pro-migratory autocrine mediator, acting through the KDR\/GEF-H1\/RhoA pathway. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2025.1601887"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2019.06.143","article-title":"LRG1 Promotes Keratinocyte Migration and Wound Repair through Regulation of HIF-1\u03b1 Stability","volume":"140","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raja, R. (2007). Wound re-epithelialization: Modulating kerationcyte migration in wound healing. Front. Biosci., 12.","DOI":"10.2741\/2277"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2636","article-title":"Epidermal homeostasis: A balancing act of stem cells in the skin","volume":"10","author":"Blanpain","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2012.tb00467.x","article-title":"Cell Migration","volume":"2","author":"Trepat","year":"2012","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, N., Peng, X.-L., Li, H.-R., Liu, J.-X., Cheng, J.-S.-Y., Qi, X.-Y., Ye, S.-J., Gong, H.-L., Zhao, X.-H., and Yu, J. (2021). Marine-Derived Collagen as Biomaterials for Human Health. Front. Nutr., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.702108"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, Z., Yang, P., Zhou, C., Li, S., and Hong, P. (2017). Marine Collagen Peptides from the Skin of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): Characterization and Wound Healing Evaluation. Mar. Drugs, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/md15040102"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"217","article-title":"Development of fish collagen in tissue regeneration and drug delivery","volume":"3","author":"Furtado","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eng. Regen."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jafari, H., Lista, A., Siekapen, M.M., Ghaffari-Bohlouli, P., Nie, L., Alimoradi, H., and Shavandi, A. (2020). Fish Collagen: Extraction, Characterization, and Applications for Biomaterials Engineering. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12102230"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J., Gao, K., Liu, S., Wang, S., Elango, J., Bao, B., Dong, J., Liu, N., and Wu, W. (2019). Fish Collagen Surgical Compress Repairing Characteristics on Wound Healing Process In Vivo. Mar. Drugs, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/md17010033"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lv, K., Wang, L., He, X., Li, W., Han, L., and Qin, S. (2022). Application of Tilapia Skin Acellular Dermal Matrix to Induce Acute Skin Wound Repair in Rats. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.792344"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01452-1","article-title":"Macrophages in immunoregulation and therapeutics","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"406","article-title":"Collagen fragments modulate innate immunity","volume":"232","author":"Thomas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, H., Zhang, L., Yu, J., and Shao, S. (2024). Advances in the application and mechanism of bioactive peptides in the treatment of inflammation. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1413179"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41538-024-00367-7","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory activity of collagen peptide in vitro and its effect on improving ulcerative colitis","volume":"9","author":"Xin","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ Sci. Food"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2005.03.030","article-title":"Improvement of collagen-induced arthritis by active immunization against murine IL-1\u03b2 peptides designed by molecular modelling","volume":"23","author":"Bertinmaghit","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brandao-Rangel, M.A.R., Oliveira, C.R., da Silva Ol\u00edmpio, F.R., Aimbire, F., Mateus-Silva, J.R., Chaluppe, F.A., and Vieira, R.P. (2022). Hydrolyzed Collagen Induces an Anti-Inflammatory Response That Induces Proliferation of Skin Fibroblast and Keratinocytes. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14234975"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, E., Joo, H., Kim, M., Kim, D.-U., Chung, H.-C., and Kim, J.G. (2025). Low-Molecular-Weight Collagen Peptide Improves Skin Dehydration and Barrier Dysfunction in Human Dermal Fibrosis Cells and UVB-Exposed SKH-1 Hairless Mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26136427"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.56808\/3027-7922.2530","article-title":"Effect of the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance values of non-ionic surfactants on size and size distribution and stability of oil\/water soybean oil nanoemulsions","volume":"45","author":"Singpanna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Thai J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hmingthansanga, V., Singh, N., Banerjee, S., Manickam, S., Velayutham, R., and Natesan, S. (2022). Improved Topical Drug Delivery: Role of Permeation Enhancers and Advanced Approaches. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14122818"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2011.05.099","article-title":"Characteristics of acid soluble collagen and pepsin soluble collagen from scale of spotted golden goatfish (Parupeneus heptacanthus)","volume":"129","author":"Matmaroh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"535","article-title":"A microtiter plate assay for superoxide using MTT reduction method","volume":"34","author":"Madesh","year":"1997","journal-title":"Indian J. Biochem. Biophys."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/1\/33\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T05:19:33Z","timestamp":1766553573000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/1\/33"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27010033"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27010033","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1422-0067"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]]}}}