{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]],"date-time":"2026-04-19T06:02:45Z","timestamp":1776578565538,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/138674\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/138674\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005727","name":"Universidade de Coimbra","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005727","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Natural products are a valuable source of structurally diverse bioactive compounds, many of which have contributed significantly to the discovery of new anticancer drugs. Carnosic acid 1, an abietane-type diterpenoid primarily found in rosemary and sage, has emerged as a promising scaffold due to its ability to modulate key cellular pathways involved in cancer development and progression, including the cell cycle, apoptosis, autophagy, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Despite its multifaceted approach to combat cancer and promising results obtained in vitro and in vivo, its moderate potency limits its clinical application. To address this limitation, several chemical modifications have been performed to generate semisynthetic derivatives with improved efficacy. Several semisynthetic derivatives have demonstrated significantly enhanced anticancer activity across diverse cancer models, highlighting the importance of structural optimization of the carnosic acid 1 backbone. This review provides a comprehensive overview of carnosic acid 1 and its semisynthetic derivatives, focusing on their anticancer activities, underlying molecular mechanisms, and structure\u2013activity relationships, with the aim of guiding the future design and development of carnosic acid 1-derived anticancer drugs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27031149","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T10:41:34Z","timestamp":1769164894000},"page":"1149","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Carnosic Acid and Its Semisynthetic Derivatives as Promising Anticancer Agents"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5791-6528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara P. S. P.","family":"Moura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6169-5035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00e2nia M.","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0779-6083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge A. R.","family":"Salvador","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21834","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA-Cancer J. 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