{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T19:06:39Z","timestamp":1777575999731,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017637","name":"Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017637","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nanotechnology, based on nanoparticles, has become an emerging interdisciplinary tool in reproductive biotechnology, offering innovative opportunities to improve fertilization efficiency and reproductive performance in farm animals. The purpose of this review is to provide an updated synthesis of current research on nanoparticle-based approaches that enhance in vitro fertilization outcomes and other assisted reproductive technologies. The focus is on the biological mechanisms, potential benefits, and limitations of nanoparticle use in animal reproduction. Nanoparticles\u2014including gold, silver, zinc oxide, selenium, and magnetic iron oxide\u2014exhibit distinctive physicochemical properties that enable targeted interactions with gametes and reproductive cells. When used in semen extenders or culture media, nanoparticles improve sperm motility, acrosome and membrane integrity, and reduce oxidative stress and apoptosis. These effects contribute to enhanced fertilization rates and higher embryo developmental competence. In addition, nanoparticles can function as carriers for hormones, antioxidants, and growth factors, stabilizing reagents essential for oocyte maturation, sperm capacitation, and early embryo culture. The review also discusses nanopurification (selectively isolating and removing particles) and nanosorting (separating or organizing nanoscale objects) techniques that allow for non-invasive selection of viable gametes, and fluorescence- and magnet-assisted sorting systems that increase precision in sperm sexing. The mechanical aspects of nanoparticle\u2013cell interactions are analyzed, emphasizing the influence of particle size, dose, and surface modification on both biological efficacy and cytotoxicity. Safety, toxicological concerns, and regulatory frameworks\u2014including International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards and European Commission recommendations\u2014are critically reviewed to highlight the need for harmonized biocompatibility criteria. Although nanoparticle use in animal reproduction remains largely experimental, accumulated evidence demonstrates its potential to improve reproductive efficiency and reduce economic losses. Integrating nanoparticle-based systems with existing reproduction platforms may represent a transformative step toward sustainable and precision-driven livestock breeding.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27062747","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T09:10:04Z","timestamp":1773825004000},"page":"2747","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Nanoparticle-Based Approaches for Enhancing In Vitro Fertilization in Animal Reproduction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"El\u017cbieta","family":"Ga\u0142\u0119ska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment Hygiene and Animal Welfare, Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland"}]},{"given":"Alicja","family":"Kowalczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment Hygiene and Animal Welfare, Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0402-3173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marko","family":"Samard\u017eija","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}]},{"given":"Gordana","family":"Greguri\u0107 Gra\u010dner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3529-8404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcjanna","family":"Wrzeci\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment Hygiene and Animal Welfare, Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1232-3160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose Pedro","family":"Araujo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola Superior de Agraria de Ponte de Lima, Instituto Politecnico de Viana do Castel, Ref\u00f3ios do Lima, 4990-706 Ponte de Lima, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5357-4428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 \u00c1ngel Hern\u00e1ndez","family":"Malag\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COPAR (GI-2120) Research Group, Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, Campus Terra, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0179-7280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mercedes","family":"Cami\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Czerniawska-Pi\u0105tkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ruminant Science, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 70-310 Szczecin, Poland"}]},{"given":"Zbigniew","family":"Dobrza\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment Hygiene and Animal Welfare, Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.34044\/j.anres.2024.58.4.13","article-title":"Sustainable livestock production systems are key to ensuring food security resilience in response to climate change","volume":"58","author":"Wanapat","year":"2024","journal-title":"Agric. 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