{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:20:10Z","timestamp":1760239210873,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,2]],"date-time":"2020-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601596800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMUP-ERI\/TIC\/0033\/2014, PEest\/UID\/CEC\/04516\/2019, UID\/CEC\/50021\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMUP-ERI\/TIC\/0033\/2014, PEest\/UID\/CEC\/04516\/2019, UID\/CEC\/50021\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In order to develop computer tools for speech therapy that reliably classify speech productions, there is a need for speech production corpora that characterize the target population in terms of age, gender, and native language. Apart from including correct speech productions, in order to characterize the target population, the corpora should also include samples from people with speech sound disorders. In addition, the annotation of the data should include information on the correctness of the speech productions. Following these criteria, we collected a corpus that can be used to develop computer tools for speech and language therapy of Portuguese children with sigmatism. The proposed corpus contains European Portuguese children\u2019s word productions in which the words have sibilant consonants. The corpus has productions from 356 children from 5 to 9 years of age. Some important characteristics of this corpus, that are relevant to speech and language therapy and computer science research, are that (1) the corpus includes data from children with speech sound disorders; and (2) the productions were annotated according to the criteria of speech and language pathologists, and have information about the speech production errors. These are relevant features for the development and assessment of speech processing tools for speech therapy of Portuguese children. In addition, as an illustration on how to use the corpus, we present three speech therapy games that use a convolutional neural network sibilants classifier trained with data from this corpus and a word recognition module trained on additional children data and calibrated and evaluated with the collected corpus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info11100470","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,2]],"date-time":"2020-10-02T09:39:25Z","timestamp":1601631565000},"page":"470","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The BioVisualSpeech Corpus of Words with Sibilants for Speech Therapy Games Development"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Sofia","family":"Cavaco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NOVA LINCS, Department of Computer Science, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Guimar\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade do Alcoit\u00e3o, Rua Conde Bar\u00e3o, Alcoit\u00e3o, 2649-506 Alcabideche, Portugal"},{"name":"Clinical Pharmacological Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Ascens\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade do Alcoit\u00e3o, Rua Conde Bar\u00e3o, Alcoit\u00e3o, 2649-506 Alcabideche, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Abad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC-ID, Rua Alves Redol 9, 1000-029 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ivo","family":"Anjos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NOVA LINCS, Department of Computer Science, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1643-0959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC-ID, Rua Alves Redol 9, 1000-029 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7450-5560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NOVA LINCS, Department of Computer Science, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Nuno","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NOVA LINCS, Department of Computer Science, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maxine","family":"Eskenazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Language Technologies Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Magalh\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NOVA LINCS, Department of Computer Science, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2187-8253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarida","family":"Grilo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade do Alcoit\u00e3o, Rua Conde Bar\u00e3o, Alcoit\u00e3o, 2649-506 Alcabideche, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"McLeod, S. (2007). The International Guide to Speech Acquisition, Thomson Delmar Learning."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Guimar\u00e3es, I., Birrento, C., Figueiredo, C., and Flores, C. (2014). Teste de Articula\u00e7\u00e3 Overbal, Oficina Did\u00e1ctica."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2009\/09-0021)","article-title":"Phonological awareness and types of sound errors in preschoolers with speech sound disorders","volume":"53","author":"Preston","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2004\/031)","article-title":"The development of early literacy skills among children with speech difficulties: A test of the critical age hypothesis","volume":"47","author":"Nathan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Guimar\u00e3es, I. (2007). Ci\u00eancia e Arte da Voz Humana, Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade de Alcoit\u00e3o."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.5507\/bp.2003.036","article-title":"Analysis of articulation of fricative praealveolar sibilant \u201cs\u201d in control population","volume":"147","author":"Jindra","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biomed. Pap."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Weinrich, M., and Zehner, H. (2005). Phonetiche und Phonologische St\u00f6rungen bein Kindern, Springer."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Figueiredo, A.C. (2017). An\u00e1lise Ac\u00fastica dos Fonemas \/s, z\/ Produzidos por Crian\u00e7as com Desempenho Articulat\u00f3rio Alterado. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade do Alcoit\u00e3o, Santa Casa da Miseric\u00f3rdia de Lisboa]."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Rua, M. (2015). Carateriza\u00e7\u00e3o do Desempenho Articulat\u00f3rio e Oromotor de Crian\u00e7as Com Altera\u00e7\u00f5es da Fala. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade do Alcoit\u00e3o, Santa Casa da Miseric\u00f3rdia de Lisboa]."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anjos, I., Grilo, M., Ascens\u00e3o, M., Guimar\u00e3es, I., Magalh\u00e3es, J., and Cavaco, S. (2018, January 12\u201314). A Model for Sibilant Distortion Detection in Children. Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Digital Medicine and Image Processing (DMIP), Okinawa, Japan.","DOI":"10.1145\/3299852.3299863"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grilo, M., Guimar\u00e3es, I., Ascens\u00e3o, M., Abad, A., Anjos, I., Magalh\u00e3es, J., and Cavaco, S. (2020). The BioVisualSpeech European Portuguese Sibilants Corpus. International Conference on Computational Processing of the Portuguese Language (PROPOR), Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-41505-1_3"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csl.2012.10.003","article-title":"Automatic word naming recognition for an on-line aphasia treatment system","volume":"27","author":"Abad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Speech Lang."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Proen\u00e7a, J., Celorico, D., Candeias, S., Lopes, C., and Perdig\u00e3o, F. (2016, January 23\u201328). The LetsRead Corpus of Portuguese Children Reading Aloud for Performance Evaluation. Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC\u201916), Portoro\u017e, Slovenia."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen, A., Rodrigues, S., J\u00fadice, A., Silva, S., Calado, A., Pinto, F., and Dias, M. (2013, January 1\u20135). The CNG Corpus of European Portuguese Children\u2019s Speech. Proceedings of the International Conference on Text, Speech and Dialogue, Pilsen, Czech Republic.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-40585-3_68"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cruz-Ferreira, M. (1999). Portuguese (European). Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/9780511807954"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(1999). Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Rennicke, I., and Martins, P. (2013). As realiza\u00e7\u00f5es Fon\u00e9ticas de \/R\/ em Portugu\u00eas Europeu: An\u00e1lise de um Corpus Dialetal e Implica\u00e7\u00f5es no Sistema Fonol\u00f3gico, Encontro Nacional da Associa\u00e7\u00e3o Portuguesa de Lingu\u00edstica, Universidade do Algarve."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grossinho, A., Guimar\u00e3es, I., Magalh\u00e3es, J., and Cavaco, S. (2016, January 11\u201313). Robust phoneme recognition for a speech therapy environment. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Serious Games and Applications for Health (SeGAH), Orlando, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/SeGAH.2016.7586268"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.5504.779","article-title":"The Iowa Articulation Norms Project and its Nebraska replication","volume":"55","author":"Smit","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Speech Hear. Disord."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3705.1100","article-title":"Developmental phonological disorders: I. A clinical profile","volume":"37","author":"Shriberg","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1159\/000264712","article-title":"Standardization of a Phonetic-Phonological Test for European-Portuguese Children","volume":"64","author":"Lousada","year":"2012","journal-title":"Folia Phoniatr. Logop. Off. Organ Int. Assoc. Logop. Phoniatr. (IALP)"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2012.08.008","article-title":"Speech characteristics of 8-year-old children: Findings from a prospective population study","volume":"46","author":"Wren","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Commun. Disord."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1017\/S030500099900389X","article-title":"Effects of semantic predictability on children\u2019s preservation of a phonemic voice contrast","volume":"26","author":"Dressler","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Child Lang."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Mestre, I. (2017). Sibilantes e Motricidade orofacial em Crian\u00e7As Portuguesas dos 5;00 aos 9;11 Anos de Idade: Estudo Preliminar. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade do Alcoit\u00e3o, Santa Casa da Miseric\u00f3rdia de Lisboa]."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheok, A.D., Inami, M., and Rom\u00e3o, T. (2018). A Serious Mobile Game with Visual Feedback for Training Sibilant Consonants. Advances in Computer Entertainment Technology, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-76270-8"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anjos, I., Marques, N., Grilo, M., Guimar\u00e3es, I., Magalh\u00e3es, J., and Cavaco, S. (2020). Sibilant consonants classification comparison with multi and single-class neural networks. Expert Syst.","DOI":"10.1111\/exsy.12620"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Kingma, D.P., and Ba, J. (2015, January 7\u20139). Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization. Proceedings of the International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR), San Diego, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anjos, I., Eskenazi, M., Marques, N., Grilo, M., Guimar\u00e3es, I., Magalh\u00e3es, J., and Cavaco, S. (2020, January 28). Detection of voicing and place of articulation of fricatives with deep learning in a virtual speech and language therapy tutor. Proceedings of the Interspeech, Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.21437\/Interspeech.2020-2821"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Povey, D., Ghoshal, A., Boulianne, G., Burget, L., Glembek, O., Goel, N., Hannemann, M., Motlicek, P., Qian, Y., and Schwarz, P. (2011, January 11\u201315). The Kaldi Speech Recognition Toolkit. Proceedings of the IEEE 2011 Workshop on Automatic Speech Recognition and Understanding, Waikoloa, HI, USA."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abad, A., Pompili, A., Costa, A., and Trancoso, I. (2012, January 9\u201313). Automatic word naming recognition for treatment and assessment of aphasia. Proceedings of the 13th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, Portland, OH, USA.","DOI":"10.21437\/Interspeech.2012-310"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Meinedo, H., Abad, A., Pellegrini, T., Neto, J., and Trancoso, I. (2020, September 24). The L2F Broadcast News Speech Recognition System. Available online: http:\/\/lorien.die.upm.es\/~lapiz\/rtth\/JORNADAS\/VI\/pdfs\/0018.pdf."}],"container-title":["Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/11\/10\/470\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:16:03Z","timestamp":1760177763000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/11\/10\/470"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,2]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"alternative-id":["info11100470"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/info11100470","relation":{},"ISSN":["2078-2489"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2078-2489"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,2]]}}}