{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T12:02:32Z","timestamp":1776686552969,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]],"date-time":"2023-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687392000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50008\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"ISCTE-Instituto Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa","award":["UIDB\/50008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50008\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Health monitoring is crucial in hospitals and rehabilitation centers. Challenges can affect the reliability and accuracy of health data. Human error, patient compliance concerns, time, money, technology, and environmental factors might cause these issues. In order to improve patient care, healthcare providers must address these challenges. We propose a non-intrusive smart sensing system that uses a SensFloor smart carpet and an inertial measurement unit (IMU) wearable sensor on the user\u2019s back to monitor position and gait characteristics. Furthermore, we implemented machine learning (ML) algorithms to analyze the data collected from the SensFloor and IMU sensors. The system generates real-time data that are stored in the cloud and are accessible to physical therapists and patients. Additionally, the system\u2019s real-time dashboards provide a comprehensive analysis of the user\u2019s gait and balance, enabling personalized training plans with tailored exercises and better rehabilitation outcomes. Using non-invasive smart sensing technology, our proposed solution enables healthcare facilities to monitor patients\u2019 health and enhance their physical rehabilitation plans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info14070355","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,23]],"date-time":"2023-06-23T02:34:07Z","timestamp":1687487647000},"page":"355","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["AI-Based Smart Sensing and AR for Gait Rehabilitation Assessment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4270-9830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Monge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es (IT), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, North Tower, 10th Floor, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Information Science and Technology, Iscte\u2014Instituto Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa, Av. das For\u00e7as Armadas, 1649-026 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4978-7364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gon\u00e7alo","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es (IT), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, North Tower, 10th Floor, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Information Science and Technology, Iscte\u2014Instituto Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa, Av. das For\u00e7as Armadas, 1649-026 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5921-0286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Raimundo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es (IT), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, North Tower, 10th Floor, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Information Science and Technology, Iscte\u2014Instituto Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa, Av. das For\u00e7as Armadas, 1649-026 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5055-6347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Octavian","family":"Postolache","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es (IT), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, North Tower, 10th Floor, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Information Science and Technology, Iscte\u2014Instituto Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa, Av. das For\u00e7as Armadas, 1649-026 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Joel","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es (IT), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, North Tower, 10th Floor, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Information Science and Technology, Iscte\u2014Instituto Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa, Av. das For\u00e7as Armadas, 1649-026 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20596","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2817615","article-title":"Secure Medical Data Transmission Model for IoT-Based Healthcare Systems","volume":"6","author":"Elhoseny","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2013.08.003","article-title":"The effectiveness of physical exercise training in pain, mobility, and psychological well-being of older persons living in nursing homes","volume":"15","author":"Mimi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain Manag. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2014.2302583","article-title":"IoT-based smart rehabilitation system","volume":"10","author":"Fan","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2004.01.022","article-title":"Technology and health","volume":"26","author":"Shine","year":"2004","journal-title":"Technol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-71221-1_8","article-title":"Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Technologies for Smart Physical Rehabilitation","volume":"Volume 39","author":"Postolache","year":"2021","journal-title":"Smart Sensors, Measurement and Instrumentation"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1002\/stc.48","article-title":"Smart sensing technology: Opportunities and challenges","volume":"11","author":"Spencer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Struct. Control Health Monit."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Formica, D., and Schena, E. (2021). Smart Sensors for Healthcare and Medical Applications. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21020543"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.3.2.e20","article-title":"What is e-health?","volume":"3","author":"Eysenbach","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Med Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.143938","article-title":"Stress and Depression","volume":"1","author":"Hammen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(99)00334-2","article-title":"Discussion","volume":"50","author":"Maclean","year":"2000","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, Y., Monge, J., Postolache, O., and Niu, W. (2019, January 29\u201330). Augmented Reality with Application in Physical Rehabilitation. Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Sensing and Instrumentation in IoT Era (ISSI), Lisbon, Portugal.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSI47111.2019.9043665"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monge, J., and Postolache, O. (2018, January 18\u201319). Augmented Reality and Smart Sensors for Physical Rehabilitation. Proceedings of the EPE 2018\u201410th International Conference and Expositions on Electrical Furthermore, Power Engineering, Iasi, Romania.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEPE.2018.8559935"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2017.01.011","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in medicine","volume":"69","author":"Hamet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"hleaay7120","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aay7120","article-title":"XAI\u2014Explainable artificial intelligence","volume":"4","author":"Gunning","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Robot."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bohr, A., and Memarzadeh, K. (2020). Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-818438-7.00002-2"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2023.106431","article-title":"Assistance from the Ambient Intelligence: Cyber-physical system applications in smart buildings for cognitively declined occupants","volume":"123","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.11.007","article-title":"Effectiveness of Technology-Based Distance Physical Rehabilitation Interventions for Improving Physical Functioning in Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"100","author":"Rintala","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mukhopadhyay, S.C., Suryadevara, N.K., and Nag, A. (2022). Wearable sensors for healthcare: Fabrication to application. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22145137"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Lauterbach, C., Steinhage, A., and Techmer, A. (2013). Pervasive and Mobile Sensing and Computing for Healthcare, Springer."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kern, F., Winter, C., Gall, D., K\u00e4thner, I., Pauli, P., and Latoschik, M.E. (2019, January 23\u201327). Immersive virtual reality and gamification within procedurally generated environments to increase motivation during gait rehabilitation. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR), Osaka, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/VR.2019.8797828"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1109\/MSMC.2020.3002519","article-title":"A game-based rehabilitation therapy for post-stroke patients: An approach for improving patient motivation and engagement","volume":"6","author":"Garbaya","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Syst. Man, Cybern. Mag."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3255","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.14800","article-title":"Virtual reality for limb motor function, balance, gait, cognition and daily function of stroke patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"77","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, Y. (2019). Augmented Reality System with Application in Physical Rehabilitation. [Ph.D. Thesis, Iscte\u2014University Institute of Lisbon].","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSI47111.2019.9043665"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Postolache, O., Teixeira, L., Cordeiro, J., Lima, L., Arriaga, P., Rodrigues, M., and Gir\u00e3o, P. (2019, January 28\u201330). Tailored virtual reality for smart physiotherapy. Proceedings of the 2019 11th International Symposium on Advanced Topics in Electrical Engineering (ATEE), Bucharest, Romania.","DOI":"10.1109\/ATEE.2019.8724903"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alexandre, R., Postolache, O., and Gir\u00e3o, P.S. (2019, January 20\u201323). Physical rehabilitation based on smart wearable and virtual reality serious game. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC), Auckland, New Zealand.","DOI":"10.1109\/I2MTC.2019.8826947"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzz093","article-title":"Is Virtual Reality Effective in Orthopedic Rehabilitation? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"99","author":"Gumaa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Madeira, R.N., Costa, L., and Postolache, O. (2014, January 16\u201318). PhysioMate\u2014Pervasive physical rehabilitation based on NUI and gamification. Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference and Exposition on Electrical and Power Engineering (EPE), Iasi, Romania.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEPE.2014.6969982"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"169","article-title":"Virtual Reality and Serious Games in Healthcare","volume":"Volume 337","author":"Ma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Studies in Computational Intelligence"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferreira, D., Oliveira, R., and Postolache, O. (2017, January 4\u20136). Physical rehabilitation based on kinect serious games. Proceedings of the 2017 Eleventh International Conference on Sensing Technology (ICST), Sydney, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSensT.2017.8304512"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paredes, T.V., Postolache, O., Monge, J., and Girao, P.S. (2021, January 11\u201312). Gait Rehabilitation System based on Mixed Reality. Proceedings of the 2021 Telecoms Conference (ConfTELE), Leiria, Portugal.","DOI":"10.1109\/ConfTELE50222.2021.9435458"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e30985","DOI":"10.2196\/30985","article-title":"Augmented Reality in Physical Therapy: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"9","year":"2021","journal-title":"JMIR Serious Games"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics4010173","article-title":"E-textiles in Clinical Rehabilitation: A Scoping Review","volume":"4","author":"Fleury","year":"2015","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCC.2009.2032660","article-title":"A Survey on Wearable Sensor-Based Systems for Health Monitoring and Prognosis","volume":"40","author":"Pantelopoulos","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Part C Appl. Rev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3259","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.1c00502","article-title":"Electronic textiles for wearable point-of-care systems","volume":"122","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900092","DOI":"10.1002\/gch2.201900092","article-title":"Futuristic clothes: Electronic textiles and wearable technologies","volume":"4","author":"Ismar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob. Challenges"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9884","DOI":"10.3390\/s120709884","article-title":"Foot Plantar Pressure Measurement System: A Review","volume":"12","author":"Zayegh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monge, J., Postolache, O., Alexandre, R., Fatima Domingues, M.d., Antunes, P., and Viegas, V. (2020, January 25\u201328). Fiber Bragg Gratings Solution for Gait Assessement. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC), Dubrovnik, Croatia.","DOI":"10.1109\/I2MTC43012.2020.9128421"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garatva, P., Terhorst, Y., Messner, E.M., Karlen, W., Pryss, R., and Baumeister, H. (2023). Smart Sensors for Health Research and Improvement, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-98546-2_23"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duarte, N., Postolache, O., and Scharcanski, J. (2014, January 16\u201318). KSGphysio-Kinect serious game for physiotherapy. Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference and Exposition on Electrical and Power Engineering (EPE), Iasi, Romania.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEPE.2014.6969981"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.5101\/nbe.v12i3.p197-204","article-title":"Hand gestures for elderly care using a microsoft Kinect","volume":"12","author":"Oudah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nano Biomed. Eng"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luca, C., Fuior, R., Corciov\u0103, C., and Andri\u0163oi, D. (2019, January 21\u201323). Development of an Interactive Post-stroke Rehabilitation Tool based on Microsoft Kinect. Proceedings of the 2019 E-Health and Bioengineering Conference (EHB), Iasi, Romania.","DOI":"10.1109\/EHB47216.2019.8970006"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tseng, C.M., Lai, C.L., Erdenetsogt, D., and Chen, Y.F. (, January 10\u201312). A Microsoft Kinect based virtual rehabilitation system. Proceedings of the 2014 International Symposium on Computer, Consumer and Control, Taichung, Taiwan.","DOI":"10.1109\/IS3C.2014.245"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cocconcelli, F., Matrella, G., Mora, N., Casu, I., Vargas Godoy, D.A., and Ciampolini, P. (2023). IoT Smart Flooring Supporting Active and Healthy Lifestyles. Sensors, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23063162"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez, F., and Roggen, D. (2016). Deep Convolutional and LSTM Recurrent Neural Networks for Multimodal Wearable Activity Recognition. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16010115"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210816","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3037715","article-title":"Human activity recognition using inertial, physiological and environmental sensors: A comprehensive survey","volume":"8","author":"Demrozi","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2020.107561","article-title":"Sensor-based and vision-based human activity recognition: A comprehensive survey","volume":"108","author":"Dang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-925X-12-66","article-title":"Challenges, issues and trends in fall detection systems","volume":"12","author":"Igual","year":"2013","journal-title":"BioMed. Eng. OnLine"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2022.105626","article-title":"Vision-based human fall detection systems using deep learning: A review","volume":"146","author":"Alam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2021.103242","article-title":"Deep learning based fall detection using smartwatches for healthcare applications","volume":"71","author":"Karakaya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Signal Process. Control"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1177\/1533317514539724","article-title":"An Ambient Assisted Living Approach in Designing Domiciliary Services Combined With Innovative Technologies for Patients with Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"30","author":"Cavallo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis. Other Dementias"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2021.103221","article-title":"Cognitive assistant DeepNet model for detection of cardiac arrhythmia","volume":"71","author":"Sai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Signal Process. Control"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4195","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-021-10774-y","article-title":"A systematic review of AI role in the educational system based on a proposed conceptual framework","volume":"27","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Educ. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2016.0045","article-title":"The Empirical Foundations of Telemedicine Interventions in Primary Care","volume":"22","author":"Bashshur","year":"2016","journal-title":"Telemed. E-Health"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1485","DOI":"10.1002\/widm.1485","article-title":"Remote patient monitoring using artificial intelligence: Current state, applications, and challenges","volume":"13","author":"Shaik","year":"2023","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Data Min. Knowl. Discov."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physd.2019.132306","article-title":"Fundamentals of Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network","volume":"404","author":"Sherstinsky","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. D Nonlinear Phenom."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.4249\/scholarpedia.1888","article-title":"Recurrent neural networks","volume":"8","author":"Grossberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Scholarpedia"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1989.1.2.263","article-title":"Learning State Space Trajectories in Recurrent Neural Networks","volume":"1","author":"Pearlmutter","year":"1989","journal-title":"Neural Comput."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"(2023, May 04). Wikimedia Commons. File:Recurrent Neural Network Unfold.svg\u2014Wikimedia Commons. Available online: https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Recurrent_neural_network_unfold.svg."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Linus Schilpp (2021). Phoneme Classification and Alignment through Recognition on TIMIT. [Ph.D. Thesis, Institute for Anthropomatics and Robotics Interactive Systems Lab]."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"(2023, May 04). Wikimedia Commons. File:Long Short-Term Memory.svg\u2014Wikimedia Commons. Available online: https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Long_Short-Term_Memory.svg."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cma.2022.115811","article-title":"Multi-fidelity surrogate modeling using long short-term memory networks","volume":"404","author":"Conti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5929","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-020-09838-1","article-title":"A review on the long short-term memory model","volume":"53","author":"Mosquera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Rev."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho, K., van Merrienboer, B., Gulcehre, C., Bahdanau, D., Bougares, F., Schwenk, H., and Bengio, Y. (2014, January 25\u201329). Learning Phrase Representations using RNN Encoder\u2013Decoder for Statistical Machine Translation. Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP), Stroudsburg, PA, USA.","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/D14-1179"},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"(2023, May 04). Wikimedia Commons. File:Gated Recurrent Unit.svg\u2014Wikimedia Commons. Available online: https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gated_Recurrent_Unit.svg."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.2478\/jaiscr-2019-0006","article-title":"Performance Evaluation of Deep Neural Networks Applied to Speech Recognition: RNN, LSTM and GRU","volume":"9","author":"Shewalkar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Artif. Intell. Soft Comput. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1038\/323533a0","article-title":"Learning representations by back-propagating errors","volume":"323","author":"Rumelhart","year":"1986","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"(2023, June 01). SensFloor\u00ae: A Smart Floor to Detect Falls. Available online: https:\/\/www.silvereco.org\/en\/sensfloor-a-smart-floor-to-detect-falls\/."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"(2023, June 01). New Flooring Technology Helps Improve Outcomes at Senior Care Community. Available online: https:\/\/www.iands.design\/interior-design\/technology\/article\/10180655\/new-flooring-technology-helps-improve-outcomes-at-senior-care-community."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lauterbach, C., Steinhage, A., and Techmer, A. (2012, January 20\u201323). Large-area wireless sensor system based on smart textiles. Proceedings of the International Multi-Conference on Systems, Sygnals & Devices, Chemnitz, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/SSD.2012.6198101"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos, J., Postolache, O., and Mendes, D. (2022, January 25\u201327). Ambient Assisted Living using Non-intrusive Smart Sensing and IoT for Gait Rehabilitation. Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE International Conference on Metrology for Extended Reality, Artificial Intelligence and Neural Engineering (MetroXRAINE), Milano, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/MetroXRAINE54828.2022.9967674"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.18.20224","article-title":"Peering into the black box of artificial intelligence: Evaluation metrics of machine learning methods","volume":"212","author":"Handelman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chatterjee, S., and Keprate, A. (2021, January 19\u201321). Predicting Remaining Fatigue Life of Topside Piping Using Deep Learning. Proceedings of the International Conference on Applied Artificial Intelligence (ICAPAI 2021), Halden, Norway.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICAPAI49758.2021.9462055"}],"container-title":["Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/14\/7\/355\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:58:53Z","timestamp":1760126333000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/14\/7\/355"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["info14070355"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/info14070355","relation":{},"ISSN":["2078-2489"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2078-2489","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]]}}}