{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T01:49:34Z","timestamp":1768528174491,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,8]],"date-time":"2025-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738972800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Latvian Council of Science project \u201cSmart Materials, Photonics, Technologies and Engineering Ecosystem\u201d","award":["No VPP-EM-FOTONIKA-2022\/1-0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No VPP-EM-FOTONIKA-2022\/1-0001"]}]},{"name":"Latvian Council of Science project \u201cSmart Materials, Photonics, Technologies and Engineering Ecosystem\u201d","award":["UID\/50008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/50008"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MECI","award":["No VPP-EM-FOTONIKA-2022\/1-0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No VPP-EM-FOTONIKA-2022\/1-0001"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MECI","award":["UID\/50008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/50008"]}]},{"name":"EU funds","award":["No VPP-EM-FOTONIKA-2022\/1-0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No VPP-EM-FOTONIKA-2022\/1-0001"]}]},{"name":"EU funds","award":["UID\/50008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/50008"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This research aims to demonstrate a machine learning (ML) algorithm-based indoor air quality (IAQ) monitoring and forecasting system for a public sector building use case. Such a system has the potential to automate existing heating\/ventilation systems, therefore reducing energy consumption. One of Riga Technical University\u2019s campus buildings, equipped with around 128 IAQ sensors, is used as a test bed to create a digital shadow including a comparison of five ML-based data prediction tools. We compare the IAQ data prediction loss using Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) error metrics based on real sensor data. Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) and Kolmogorov\u2013Arnold Networks (KAN) prove to be the most accurate models regarding the prediction error. Also, GRU proved to be the most efficient model regarding the required computation time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info16020121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T03:39:47Z","timestamp":1739158787000},"page":"121","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Indoor Microclimate Monitoring and Forecasting: Public Sector Building Use Case"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0561-9596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruslans","family":"Sudniks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computer Science, Information Technology, and Energy, Riga Technical University, Azenes st. 12, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0571-3299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arturs","family":"Ziemelis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computer Science, Information Technology, and Energy, Riga Technical University, Azenes st. 12, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5701-3094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agris","family":"Nikitenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computer Science, Information Technology, and Energy, Riga Technical University, Azenes st. 12, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8057-5474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasco N. G. J.","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic University of Castelo Branco, Av. Pedro \u00c1lvares Cabral n\u00b0 12, 6000-084 Castelo Branco, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Rua Marqu\u00eas d\u2019\u00c1vila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"AMA\u2014Ag\u00eancia Para a Moderniza\u00e7\u00e3o Administrativa, Rua de Santa Marta n\u00b0 55, 1150-294 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8651-9492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andis","family":"Supe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computer Science, Information Technology, and Energy, Riga Technical University, Azenes st. 12, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Canha, N., Correia, C., Mendez, S., Gamelas, C.A., and Felizardo, M. (2024). 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Available online: https:\/\/scikit-learn.org\/stable\/modules\/generated\/sklearn.cluster.KMeans.html."}],"container-title":["Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/16\/2\/121\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:29:17Z","timestamp":1760027357000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/16\/2\/121"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,8]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["info16020121"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/info16020121","relation":{},"ISSN":["2078-2489"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2078-2489","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,8]]}}}